Atıksuların Arıtılmasında Elektrokoagülasyon Uygulamaları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 319 - 334, 12.03.2019

Zinnur Yılmaz , Mustafa Bünyamin Karagözoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.466114

Cited By: 1

Öz

Elektrokoagülasyon
(EC), yüksek giderme etkinliği ile su ve atıksuların arıtımı açısından basit ve
etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntem, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, bulanıklık,
amonyak, renk ve katı madde gibi çeşitli kirleticilerin giderilmesinde
potansiyele sahiptir. Elektrokoagülasyon yönteminin etkinliği elektrot türü,
bağlantı tipi, akım yoğunluğu, işletme süresi ve pH gibi çeşitli faktörlere
bağlıdır. Son yıllarda birçok araştırma özellikle çıkış atıksularındaki
çevresel kısıtlamaların artması nedeniyle elektrokoagülasyonun kullanımına
odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada EC yöntemi ile yapılan araştırmalar
incelenerek  EC proses performansını
etkileyen faktörler belirlenmiştir (atıksu karakteristikleri, pH, iletkenlik,
işletme değişkenleri, akım yoğunluğu ve arıtma süresi gibi). Çalışma, çeşitli
su ve atıksulardaki kirleticilerin EC prosesi kullanılarak giderimleri
açısından prosesi etkileyen faktörlerin tanımlanması, karşılaştırılması ve
tartışılmasını amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atıksu, Atıksu Arıtımı, Elektrokoagülasyon, Endüstri

Kaynakça

• 1. Bashir, M. J. ve diğerleri, 2009. Landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation. Waste Management, 29: 2534–2541.
• 2. Renou, S. ve diğerleri, 2008. Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150: 468–493.
• 3. Özyonar, F. & Karagözoğlu, B., 2012. İçme Sularından Elektrokoagülasyon ve Kimyasal Koagülasyon ile Bulanıklığın Giderimi. Gazi Üniv. Müh. Mim. Fak. Der., 27(1): 81-89.
• 4. F. Özyonar and B. Karagözoğlu, “İçme Sularından Elektrokoagülasyon ve Kimyasal Koagülasyon ile Bulanıklığın Giderimi”, Gazi Üniv. Müh. Mim. Fak. Der., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 81-89, 2012.
• 5. Mollah, M. Y. A., Schennach, R., Parga, J. R. & Cocke, D. L., 2001. Electrocoagulation (EC) — science and applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 84(1): 29-41.
• 6. Do, J. S. & Chen, C. P., 1994. In situ oxidative degradation of formaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide electrogenerated on the modified graphites. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 24(9): 936–942.
• 7. Mameri, N. ve diğerleri, 1998. Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of north Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Water Research, 32(5): 1604-1612.
• 8. Pogrebnaya, V. L. ve diğerleri, 1995. Purification of waste water of heavy metals by electrocoagulation. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 31(5): 280-281.
• 9. Biswas, N. & Lazarescu, G., 1991. Removal of oil from emulsions using electrocoagulation. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 38(1): 65-75.
• 10. Belongia, B. M., Haworth, P. D., Baygents, J. C. & Raghavan, S., 1999. Treatment of Alumina and Silica Chemical Mechanical Polishing Waste by Electrodecantation and Electrocoagulation. J. Elec-trochem. Soc., 146(11): 4124-4130.
• 11. Tsai, C. T., Lin, S. T., Shue, Y. C. & Su, P. L., 1997. Electrolysis of soluble organic matter in leachate from landfills. Water Res., 31(12): 3073-3081.
• 12. Panizza, M., Bocca, C. & Cerisola, G., 2000. Electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing polyaromatic organic pollutants. Water Res., 34(9): 2601-2605.
• 13. Takdastan, A. ve diğerleri, 2017. Electrocoagulation Process for Treatment of Detergent and Phosphate. Arch Hyg Sci., 6(1): 66-74.
• 14. Touahria, S. ve diğerleri, 2016. Clarification of Industrial Mining Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 11: 5710-5723.
• 15. Al-Shannag, M. ve diğerleri, 2015. Heavy metal ions removal from metal plating wastewater using electrocoagulation: Kinetic study and process performance. Chemical Engineering Journal, 260: 749-756.
• 16. Adhoum, N., Monser, L., Bellakhal, N. & Belgaied, J.-E., 2004. Treatment of electroplating wastewater containing Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr(VI) by electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 112(3): 207-213.
• 17. Fu, F. & Wang, Q., 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3): 407-418.
• 18. Katal, R. & Pahlavanzadeh, H., 2011. Influence of different combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on electrocoagulation efficiency: Application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater. Desalination, 265(1-3): 199-205.
• 19. Khandegar, V. & Saroha, A. K., 2013. Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent – A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 128: 949-963.
• 20. Donini, J. C., Kan, J., Szynkarczuk, J. & Hassan, T., 1994. The operating cost of electrocoagulation. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 72(6): 1007-1012.
• 21. Kushwaha, J. P., Srivastava, V. C. & Mall, I. D., 2010. Organics removal from dairy wastewater by electrochemical treatment and residue disposal. Separation and Purification Technology, 76(2): 198-205.
• 22. Canizares, P. ve diğerleri, 2005. Electrodissolution of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44(12): 4178-4185.
• 23. Holt, P. K., Barton, G. W., Wark, M. & Mitchell, C. A., 2002. A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 211(2-3): 233-248.
• 24. Roopashree, G. B. & Lokesh, K. S., 2013. Comparative study electrode material (iron, aluminum and stainless steel) for treatment of textile industry wastewater. Internatıonal Journal Of Envıronmental Scıences, 4(4): 519-531.
• 25. Lin, S. H. & Chang, C. C., 2000. Treatment of landfill leachate by combined electroco-fenton and sequencing batch reactor method. Water Research, 34(17): 4243-4249.
• 26. Koparan, A. S., Gökçen, Ş. & Öğütveren, Ü., 18-19 Kasım 1999. “Petrol formasyon suyunun elektrokimya ve geleneksel yöntemler ile arıtılabilirliğinin incelenmesi, Türkiye’de Çevre Kirlenmesi Öncelikleri Sempozyumu III, 370-390, Gebze, Kocaeli.
• 27. Naje, A. S. & Abbas, S. A., 2013. Electrocoagulation technology in wastewater treatment: a review of methods and application. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(11): 29-42.
• 28. Yıldız, Y. Ş., 2003. Humik Maddeler İçeren Atık Suların Elektrokoagülasyon Metodu ile Arıtımı, Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Erzurum.
• 29. Mahajan, R., Khandegar, V. & Saroha, A. K., 2013. Treatment of hospital operation theatre effluent by. International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 4(2): 104-107.
• 30. Gürses, A., Yalçın, M. & Doğar, C., 2002. Electrocoagulation of some reactive dyes: a statistical investigation of some electrochemical variables. Waste Management, 22(5): 491-499.
• 31. Canizares, P. ve diğerleri, 2006. Comparison of the aluminium speciation in chemical and electrochemical dosing processes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45(26): 8749-8756.
• 32. Moreno-Casillas, H. A. ve diğerleri, 2007. Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal. Separation and Purification Technology, 56(2): 204-211.
• 33. Daneshvar, N., Sorkhabi, H. A. & Kasiri, M., 2004. Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 112(1-2): 55-62.
• 34. Matteson, M. J. ve diğerleri, 1995. Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspensions of ultrafine particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Engineering Aspects, 104(1): 101-109.
• 35. Rahmani, A. R., 2008. Removal of water turbidity by the electrocoagulation method. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 8(1): 18-24.
• 36. Pouet, M. F. & Grasmick, A., 1995. Urban wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation and flotation. Water Science and Technology, 31(3-4), pp. 275-283.
• 37. Arslan, T. ve diğerleri, 2008. Kompleks olarak bağlı metal içeren atıksuların elektrokoagülasyon prosesi ile arıtımı. İ.T.Ü. Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Dergisi, 18(11): 45-52.
• 38. Can, O. T., Kobya, M., Demirbaş, E. & Bayramoğlu, M., 2006. Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. Chemosphere, 62(2): 181-187.
• 39. Fagnekar, N. A. & Mane, P. S., 2015. Removal of turbidity using electrocoagulation. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4(6): 537-543.
• 40. Marmagne, O. & Coste, C., 1996. Color removal from textile plant effluents. American Dyestuff Reporter, 15-21.
• 41. Pagga, U. & Brown, D., 1986. The degradation of dyestuffs. part II. behaviours of dyestuffs in aerobic biodegradation tests. Chemosphere, 15(4): 479-491.
• 42. H. G. Kulla, 1989. “Aerobic bacterial degradation of azo dyes”,FEMS Symposium.
• 43. Üçgül, İ. & İskender, K. A., 2013. Tekstil Endüstrisi Atık Suyunun Renk Giderimi İçin Elektrokoagülasyon Yöntemi Uygulaması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi YEKARUM e-DERGİ, 2(1): 1-12.
• 44. Özyonar, F. & Karagözoğlu, B., 2012. Elektrokoagülasyon Prosesi ile Tekstil Sanayi Atıksuyunun Arıtımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), pp. 29-37.
• 45. Bayramoğlu, M., Kobya, M., Can, O. T. & Sözbir, M., 2004. Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 37(2): 117-125.
• 46. Bayramoğlu, M., Eyvaz, M. & Kobya , M., 2007. Treatment of the textile wastewater by electrocoagulation: Economical evaluation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128(2-3): 155-161.
• 47. Zodi, S., Potier, O., Lapicque, F. & Leclerc, J.-P., 2009. Treatment of the textile wastewaters by electrocoagulation: Effect of operating parameters on the sludge settling characteristics. Separation and Purification Technology, 69(1): 29-36.
• 48. Zaroual, Z., Azzi, M., Saib, N. & Chainet, E., 2006. Contribution to the study of electrocoagulation mechanism in basic textile effluent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 131(1-3): 73-78.
• 49. Eyvaz, M., Bayramoğlu, M. & Kobya, M., 2006. Tekstil endüstrisi atıksularının elektrokoagülasyon ile arıtılması: Teknik ve ekonomik değerlendirme. itüdergisi/e Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü, 16(1): 55-65.
• 50. Zaied, M. & Bellakhal, N., 2009. Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2-3): 995-1000.
• 51. Sridhar, R., Sivakumar, V., Immanuel, V. P. & Maran, J. P., 2011. Treatment of pulp and paper industry bleaching effluent by electrocoagulant process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(2-3): 1495-1502.
• 52. Uğurlu, M., Gürses, A., Doğar, Ç. & Yalçın, M., 2008. The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Management, 84(3): 420-428.
• 53. Zodi, S. ve diğerleri, 2011. Electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment for paper mill wastewater: Removal of non-biodegradable organic pollution and arsenic. Separation and Purification Technology, 81(1): 62-68.
• 54. Uğurlu, M., 2004. The Removal Of Some Inorganıc Compounds From Paper Mıll Effluents By The Electrocoagulatıon Method. G.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3): 85-99.
• 55. Veli, S., Arslan, A. & Yılmaz, E., 2015. Elektrokoagülasyon Prosesi ile Hastane Atıksuyunda Toplam Organik Karbon Giderimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35: 65-77.
• 56. Bui, M. H. & Luong, X. T. H., 2017. Removal of chemical oxygen demand from hospital wastewater using electrocoagulation. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 5(2): 371-376.
• 57. Dehghani, M., Seresht, . S. S. & Taghizadeh, M. M., 2015. Optimization of organic compounds removal from Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. Hormozgan Medical Journal , 19(1): 59-65.
• 58. Murdani, J. D. E. R. N. D., 2018. Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for wastewater of hospital by using electrocoagulation. Materials Science and Engineering, 345(1): 1-7.
• 59. Kobya, M. ve diğerleri, 2011. Treatment of potable water containing low concentration of arsenic with electrocoagulation: Different connection modes and Fe–Al electrodes. Separation and Purification Technology, 77(3): 283-293.
• 60. Kobya, M. ve diğerleri, 2011. Removal of arsenic from drinking water by the electrocoagulation using Fe and Al electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 56(14): 5060-5070.
• 61. Özyonar, F., Karagözoğlu, B. & Atmaca, E., 2011. İçme suyundan elektrokoagülasyon prosesi ile doğal organik madde giderimi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4): 309-316.
• 62. Kumar, N. S. & Sudha, G., 2010. Factors influencing arsenic and nitrate removal from drinking water in a continuous flow electrocoagulation (EC) process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1-3): 528-533.
• 63. Pop, A. ve diğerleri, 2016. Drinking water treatment by iron anode-based electrocoagulation: humic acids and arsenic removal. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Cilt 209: 127-138.
• 64. Kobya, M., Şentürk, E. & Bayramoğlu, M., 2006. Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters by electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133(1-3): 172-176.
• 65. Asselin, M., Drogui, P., Benmoussa, H. & Blais, J.-F., 2008. Effectiveness of electrocoagulation process in removing organic compounds from slaughterhouse wastewater using monopolar and bipolar electrolytic cells. Chemosphere, 72(11): 1727-1733.
• 66. Bayar, S., Yıldız, Y. Ş., Yılmaz, A. E. & İrdemez, Ş., 2011. The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method. Desalination, 280(1-3): 103-107.
• 67. Ahmadian, M. ve diğerleri, 2012. Kinetic study of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation using Fe electrodes. Water Sci Technol., 66(4): 754-760.
• 68. Özyonar, F. & Karagözoğlu, B., 2014. Investigation of technical and economic analysis of electrocoagulation process for the treatment of great and small cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(1-3): 74-87.
• 69. Bayramoğlu, M., Kobya, M., Eyvaz, M. & Şentürk, E., 2006. Technical and economic analysis of electrocoagulation for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 51(3): 404-408.
• 70. Şengil, I. A. & Özacar, M., 2006. Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(2): 1197-1205.
• 71. Tchamango, S. ve diğerleri, 2010. Treatment of dairy effluents by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes. Science of the Total Environment, 408(4): 947-952.
• 72. Xu, L. J., Sheldon, B. W., Larick, D. K. & Carawan, R. E., 2002. Recovery and utilization of useful by-products from egg processing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Poult Sci, 81(6): 785-792.
• 73. Bassala , H. D. ve diğerleri, 2017. Investigation of the efficient of a designed electrocoagulation reactor: Application for dairy effluent treatment.. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Cilt 111: 122-127.
• 74. Bouhezila, F., Hariti, M., Lounici, H. & Mameri, N., 2011. Treatment of the OUED SMAR town landfill leachate by an electrochemical reactor. Desalination, 280(1-3): 347-353.
• 75. Ricordel, C. & Djelal, H., 2014. Treatment of landfill leachate with high proportion of refractory materials by electrocoagulation: System performances and sludge settling characteristics. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(3): 1551-1557.
• 76. İlhan, F., Kurt, U., Apaydin, O. & Gönüllü, M. T., 2008. Treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154(1-3): 381-389.
• 77. Kashani, M. M., Soltani, S. M. & Sobri , S., 2012. Treatment of a Malaysian Leachate Sample Using Electrocoagulation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 3(1): 63-66.
• 78. Li, X. ve diğerleri, 2011. Landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10(B): 1159-1164.
• 79. Shivayogimath, C. B. & Watawati, C., 2013. Treatment Of Solıd Waste Leachate By Electrocoagulatıon Technology. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, IC-RICE Conference Issue, Nov-2013:266-269.
• 80. Top, S., Sekman, E., Hoşver, S. & Bilgili, M. S., 2011. Characterization and electrocaogulative treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. Desalination, 268(1-3): 158-162.
• 81. Chiang, L.-C., Chang, J.-E. & Wen, T.-C., 1995. Indirect oxidation effect in electrochemical oxidation treatment of landfill leachate. Water Research, 29(2): 671-678.
• 82. Orkun, M. O. & Kuleyin, A., 2012. Treatment performance evaluation of chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate by electro‐coagulation and electro‐fenton technique. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 31(1): 59-67.
• 83. D'Annibale, A. ve diğerleri, 2004. Panus tigrinus efficiently removes phenols, color and organic load from olive-mill wastewater. Research in Microbiology, 155(7): 596-603.
• 84. Khoufi, S., Hamza, M. & Sayadi, S., 2011. Enzymatic hydrolysis of olive wastewater for hydroxytyrosol enrichment. Bioresource Technology, 102(19): 9050-9058.
• 85. Borsani, R. & Ferrando, B., 1997. Ultrafiltration plant for olive vegetation waters by polymeric membrane batteries. Desalination, 108(1-3): 281-286.
• 86. Gebreyohannes, A. Y. ve diğerleri, 2015. Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Forward Osmosis. Separation and Purification Technology, Cilt 147: 292-302.
• 87. İnan, H., Dimoglo, A., Şimşek, H. & Karpuzcu, M., 2004. Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electro-coagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 36(1): 23-31.
• 88. Coskun , T., İlhan, F., Manav-Demir , N. & Kurt, U., 2012. Optimization of energy costs in the pretreatment of olive mill wastewaters by electrocoagulation. Environmental Technology, 33(7): 801-807.
• 89. Hanafi, F., Assobhei, O. & Mountadar, M., 2010. Detoxification and Discoloration of Moroccan Olive Mill Wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174(1-3): 807-812.
• 90. Ün, Ü. T., Uğur, S., KOparal, A. S. & Öğütveren, Ü. B., 2006. Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters. Separation and Purification Technology, 52(1): 136-141.
• 91. Adhoum, N. & Monser, L., 2004. Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 43(10): 1281-1287.
• 92. García-García, P., López-López , A., Moreno-Baquero, J. M. & Garrido-Fernández , A., 2011. Treatment of wastewaters from the green table olive packaging industry using electro-coagulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 170(1): 59-66.
• 93. Khoufi, S., Feki, F. & Sayadi, S., 2007. Detoxification of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation and sedimentation processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt 142, pp. 58-67.
• 94. Kartal, Z., Ölmez-Hancı, T. & Arslan-Alaton, İ., 2008. Bir zeytinyağı karasuyunun koagülasyon ve elektrokoagülasyon prosesleriyle kimyasal arıtılabilirliğinin incelenmesi. Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü - itüdergisi/e, 18(2-3): 3-12.
• 95. VELİ, S. ve diğerleri, 2018. Elektrokoagülasyon Prosesi İle Gıda Endüstrisi Atıksuyunun Arıtımında Optimum Koşulların Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2): 932-936.
• 96. Chen, X., Chen, G. & Yue, P. L., 2000. Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 19(1-2): 65-76.
• 97. Barrera-Díaz, C. ve diğerleri, 2006. Electrochemical Treatment Applied to Food-Processing Industrial Wastewater. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 45(1): 34-38.
• 98. Solak, M., Pakdil, N. B., Kılıç, M. & Kobya, M., 2018. Elektrokoagülasyon Prosesi ile Patates Cipsi üretim atıksularından fosfor giderimi: Elektrot Materyali karşılaştırması. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2): 302-313.
• 99. Kobya, M. ve diğerleri, 2006. Treatment of potato chips manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination, 190(1-3): 201-211.
• 100. Murthy , Z. V., Nancy, C. & Kant, A., 2007. Separation of Pollutants from Restaurant Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. Separation Science and Technology, 42(4): 819-833.
• 101. Panizza, M. & Cerisola, G., 2010. Applicability of electrochemical methods to carwash wastewaters for reuse. Part 2: Electrocoagulation and anodic oxidation integrated process. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 638(2): 236-240.
• 102. Janpoor, F., Torabian, A. & Khatibikamal, V., 2011. Treatment of laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology , 86(8): 1113-1120.
• 103. Akyol, A., 2012. Treatment of paint manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation. Desalination, Cilt 285: 91-99.
• 104. Wang, C.-T., Chou, W.-L. & Kuo, Y.-M., 2009. Removal of COD from laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation/electroflotation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1): 81-86.
• 105. Maghanga, J. K., Segor, F. K., Etiégni, L. & Lusweti, J., 2009. Electrocoagulation method for colour removal in tea effluent: a case study of Chemomi tea factory in rift valley, Kenya. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 23(3): 371-381.
• 106. Bukhari, A. A., 2008. Investigation of the electro-coagulation treatment process for the removal of total suspended solids and turbidity from municipal wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 99(5): 914-921.