Yarasa Gübresi (Guano)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 478 - 486, 13.03.2020

Atilla Arslan , Mesut Baş

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.672835

Cited By: 2

Öz

Modern tarımda kimyasal gübrelerin ve böcek ilaçlarının kullanılması, gıda verimliliğini arttırırken, aynı zamanda toprak ve çevre koşullarını da olumsuz etkilemiştir. Sürdürülebilir tarım için doğal gübre kullanımı çok önemli bir duruma gelmiştir. Doğal gübrelerden birisi olan yarasa guanosu da ihtiva ettiği makro ve mikro besin elementleri, mikroorganizmalar ve organik maddeler nedeniyle çok önemlidir. Sentetik gübrelerin geliştirilmesinden önce, mahsullerinin verimliliğini en üst düzeye çıkarmak için çok eskiden beri kullanılmaktadır. Kimyasal gübrelerin kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla birlikte eski önemini kaybetmiştir. Günümüzde organik tarımın tekrar işlevsel duruma getirilmeye çalışmasıyla, organik gübrelerle birlikte yarasa guanosu da eski önemini kazanmıştır. Yarasa guanosunun uygun içerik ve dozlarda kullanımı toprağın ihtiyacı olan besinleri karşılayabilmektedir. Ancak mağaralardan guanonun çıkartılması yarasaları rahatsız etmekle birlikte mağara ekosisteminin bozulması neden olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekosistem, Mağara

Kaynakça

• 1. Albayrak İ. 2000. Yarasalar: Eli Kanatlı Memeli. Yeşil Atlas Coğrafya ve Keşif Dergisi, 3:69-73.
• 2. IUCN. 2019. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org (Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2019).
• 3. Nowak R. 1994. Bats of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, London.
• 4. Mehlhorn H. 2014. Introduction: The World of Bats. Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites: Springer, 1-5.
• 5. Constantine D.G. 1967. Activity patterns of the Mexican free-tailed bat, University of New Mexico Press.
• 6. Gnaspini P. 2012. Guano Communities. Encyclopedia of Caves, 357-64. 7. Riechmann D. 2003. Guano, Das weiße Gold Perus. https://www.scinexx.de/dossierartikel/guano/. (Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2019).
• 8. Dowd B. 2016. Wild life control: The importance of bat guano. https://www.skedaddlewildlife.com /the-importance-of-bat-guano/, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2019).
• 9. Schuman S.H., Simpson J.W. 1997. A clinical historical overview of pesticide health issues. Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa), 12 (2): 203-7.
• 10. Chernyak S.M., Rice C.P., McConnell L.L. 1996. Evidence of currently-used pesticides in air, ice, fog, seawater and surface microlayer in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (5): 410-9.
• 11. Chen S.K., Edwards C.A., Subler S. 2001. Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33 (14): 1971-80.
• 12. Fushiwaki Y., Tase N., Saeki A., Urano K. 1990. Pollution by the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene in an intensive farming area in Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 92: 55-67.
• 13. Şimşek Erşahin Y. 2007. Vermikompost ürünlerinin eldesi ve tarımsal üretimde kullanım alternatifleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24 (2): 99-107.
• 14. IUCN. 2014. IUCN SSC guidelines for minimizing the negative impact to bats and other cave organisms from guano harvesting. https://www.batcon.org/pdfs/GuanoGuidelinesVersion1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2020).
• 15. Furey N.M., Racey P.A. 2016. Conservation ecology of cave bats. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world: Springer, Cham, 463-500.
• 16. Gillieson D. 1996. Caves: Processes. Development, Management, 203-36.
• 17. Allocati N., Petrucci A., Di Giovanni P., Masulli M., Di Ilio C., De Laurenzi V. 2016. Bat–man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. Cell death discovery, 2: 16048.
• 18. Boyles J.G., Cryan P.M., McCracken G.F., Kunz T.H. 2011. Economic importance of bats in agriculture. Science, 332 (6025): 41-2.
• 19. Keleher S. 1996. Guano: bats’ gift to gardeners. Bats, 14: 15-7.
• 20. Sikazwe O., De Waele B. 2004. Assessment of the quality and reserves of bat guano at chipongwe and kapongo caves near lusaka as fertiliser material. Unza J Sci Technol, 1 (3): 32-42.
• 21. Roy R.N., Finck A., Blair G., Tandon H. 2006. Plant nutrition for food security. A guide for integrated nutrient management FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin, 16: 368.
• 22. Sridhar K., Ashwini K., Seena S., Sreepada K. 2006. Manure qualities of guano of insectivorous cave bat Hipposideros speoris. Tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, 6 (2): 103-10.
• 23. Sothearen T., Furey N.M., Jurgens J.A. 2014. Effect of bat guano on the growth of five economically important plant species. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 52 (2): 169-73.
• 24. Bhat H., Sreenivasan M. 1990. Records of bats in Kyasanur Forest disease area and environs in Karnataka state, India, with ecological notes. Mammalia, 54 (1): 69-106.
• 25. Korine C., Izhaki I., Arad Z. 1999. Is the Egyptian fruit-bat Rousettus aegyptiacus a pest in Israel? An analysis of the bat's diet and implications for its conservation. Biological Conservation, 88 (3): 301-6.
• 26. Altıntaş A., Kontaş T., Yıldız G., Erkal N. 2005. Mineral levels of bat guano. Veterinary Journal of Ankara University, 52: 1-5.
• 27. Studier E.H., Viele D.P., Sevick S.H. 1991. Nutritional implications for nitrogen and mineral budgets from analysis of guano of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100A (4): 1035-1039.
• 28. Gray A.E., Mulligan T.J., Hannah R.W. 1997. Food habits, occurrence, and population structure of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Humboldt Bay, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 49 (2): 227-38.
• 29. Penhallegon R. 2003. Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium values of organic fertilizers. Oregon State University Extension Service, https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/1/ lc437organicfertilizersvaluesrev.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2019).
• 30. Mathur S., Patni N., Levesque M. 1990. Static pile, passive aeration composting of manure slurries using peat as a bulking agent. Biological wastes, 34 (4): 323-33.
• 31. Emerson J.K., Roark A.M. 2007. Composition of guano produced by frugivorous, sanguivorous, and insectivorous bats. Acta chiropterologica, 9 (1): 261-7.
• 32. Shahack-Gross R., Berna F., Karkanas P., Weiner S. 2004. Bat guano and preservation of archaeological remains in cave sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31 (9): 1259-72.
• 33. Bird M.I., Boobyer E.M., Bryant C., Lewis H.A., Paz V., Stephens W.E. 2007. A long record of environmental change from bat guano deposits in Makangit Cave, Palawan, Philippines. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 98 (1): 59-69.
• 34. Wurster C.M., McFarlane D.A., Bird M.I. 2007. Spatial and temporal expression of vegetation and atmospheric variability from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bat guano in the southern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71 (13): 3302-10.
• 35. Giurgiu A., Tămaş T. 2013. Mineralogical data on bat guano deposits from three Romanian caves. Studia UBB Geologia, 58 (2): 13-8.
• 36. Demirtaş I., Arı N., Arpacıoğlu A., Kaya H., Özkan C. 2013. Different organic fertilizer chemical properties. The effect of spent mushroom compost use on some soil properties and yield in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Turkey V National Horticulture Congress, Erzurum.
• 37. Shetty S., Sreepada K., Bhat R. 2013. Effect of bat guano on the growth of Vigna radiata L. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3 (3): 1-8.
• 38. Şener S., Ulukapı K. 2018. Farklı Organik Gübrelerin Tarla ve Örtüaltı Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Karnabaharın Bitki Gelişimi ve Verim Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 32 (3): 510-5.
• 39. Mounirou M.M., Harouna K.A., Tidjani A.D. 2018. Nijer’in Balla İlçesi Tarım Havzasında Marul Üretimi Üzerine Yarasa Gübresi Uygulamalarının Etkileri. 2nd International Students Science Congress, 1-4.
• 40. Grantina-Ievina L., Ievinsh G. 2015. Microbiological characteristics and effect on plants of the organic fertilizer from vermicompost and bat guano. Res Rural Develop, 1: 95-101.
• 41. Musa A., Agaie H., Kumar N., Ogbiko C. 2017. Comparison of the effects of Craseonycteris thonglongyai (bumblebee bat) droppings and synthetic fertilizer on some phytotoxins in the leaf of Amaranthus cruentus. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 182-7.
• 42. Bokhtiar S., Sakurai K. 2005. Effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil fertility and productivity of plant and ratoon crops of sugarcane. Archives of Agronomy and Soil science, 51 (3): 325-34.
• 43. Chen J.H. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International workshop on sustained management of the soil-rhizosphere system for efficient crop production and fertilizer use, 16-20 October, Land Development Department, Bangkok, Thailand.
• 44. Barber S., Walker J., Vasey E.H. 1963. Mechanisms for movement of plant nutrients from soil and fertilizer to plant root. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11 (3): 204-7.
• 45. Sun R.L., Zhu L.S., Zhao B.Q., Zhou Q., Xu J, Zhang F. 2004. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microorganism and its role in adjusting and controlling soil fertility. Ying yong sheng tai xue bao= The journal of applied ecology, 15 (10): 1907-10.
• 46. Lal R. 1989. Soil degradation in relation to climate. International Rice Research Institute Climate and food security Los Baños, 257-76.
• 47. Hänsch R., Mendel R.R. 2009. Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, B, cl). Current opinion in plant biology, 12 (3): 259-66.
• 48. Buliga C. 2010. Guano exploitation in Madagascar, https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/ isp_collection/904/, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.10.2019).
• 49. Förstner U., Wittmann G.T. 2012. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science & Business Media.
• 50. Hatibu A.A. 2018. Assessment of bat guano as source of nutrients for rice production: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Master, Morogoro, Tanzania. 2018.
• 51. Deharveng L., Bedos A. 2012. Diversity patterns in the tropics. Encyclopedia of caves: Elsevier, 238-50.
• 52. Gibert J., Deharveng L. 2002. Subterranean Ecosystems: A Truncated Functional Biodiversity: This article emphasizes the truncated nature of subterranean biodiversity at both the bottom (no primary producers) and the top (very few strict predators) of food webs and discusses the implications of this truncation both from functional and evolutionary perspectives. BioScience, 52 (6): 473-81.
• 53. Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Da Fonseca G.A., Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772): 853.
• 54. Whitten T. 2009. Applying ecology for cave management in China and neighbouring countries. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46 (3): 520-3.
• 55. Racey P.A., Entwistle A.C. 2000. Life-history and reproductive strategies of bats. Reproductive biology of bats. Elsevier, 363-414.
• 56. McCracken G.F. 2011. Cave conservation: special problems of bats. Course Booklet, 68.