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A Hydrophillic Deep Eutectic Solvent Assisted Magnetic Colloidal Gel Based Dispersive Solid Phase Microextraction Method for Preconcentration of Brown HT (E155)

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 273 - 286, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1580580

Abstract

A hydrophillic deep eutectic solvent assisted magnetic colloidal gel based dispersive solid phase microextraction method (MCG-dSPME) was developed for the pre-concentration of Brown HT (E155) before its spectrophotometric analysis. Magnetic colloidal gel was obtained from Fe3O4@XAD-7 nanoparticles and phenol/choline chloride (2:1) (hyrophillic deep eutectic solvent (DES). For the optimization of the developed method, several parameters such as pH, amount of Fe3O4@XAD-7 nanoparticles in the colloidal gel, volume of colloidal gel, type of desorption solvent, vortex time (for adsorption and desorption), sample volume were investigated. After determining the optimum conditions, the linear range, limit of detection (LOD), enhencament factor (EF), preconcentration factor (PF), relative standard deviation (RSD %) of the method were calculated. Then, addition/recovery test and intraday-interday test were applied for the accuracy and the precision, respectively. The matrix effect study was examined for the selectivity of the method. The linear range, LOD, RSD %, EF, and PF values of the method were found to be 0.05-0.75 mgL-1, 0.016. mgL-1, 3.8%, 51 and 25, respectively. The study was found to be no interference method with high accuracy and precision. In this study, according to our literature research, since there are very few studies on the determination of Brown HT, it was aimed to develop an up-to-date, economical, non-invasive, environmentally friendly and simple method for this dye.

Ethical Statement

The study is complied with research and publication ethics.

References

  • Turkish Food Codex Regulation, “Turkish Food Codex Food Additives Regulation,” 2013. [Online]. Available: https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tur152534.pdf. (Accessed: Oct. 28, 2024).
  • M. N. Hong, H. J. Suh, O. H. Lee, H. S. Chun, and C. Lee, “Improved analytical method of synthetic food colour additive, Brown HT by high-performance liquid chromatography,” J. Int. Sci. Publ. Agric. Food, vol. 2, pp. 68–75, Jun. 2014.
  • European Food Safety Authority, “Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Brown HT (E 155) as a food additive, EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS),” EFSA J., vol. 8, pp. 1–31, Sept. 2010.
  • A. E. Lawen, O. O. Hazha, A. O. Nigar, and H. S. Jabbar, “A novel fluorescence probe using Brown HT precursor carbon dots for highly selective and ultrasensitive quantitation of potassium ion in some staple food samples,” Food Chem., vol. 467, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 142341.
  • F. Karimi et al., “Advancement in electrochemical strategies for quantification of Brown HT and Carmoisine (Acid Red 14) from Azo Dyestuff class,” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 165, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 113075.
  • A. C. Sezgin and S. Ayyıldız, “A research on the colorants used in snack foods consumed by children,” Int. J. Soc. Res., vol. 11, no. 18, pp. 877–913, Jun. 2019.
  • M. Corona-Bautista, A. Picos-Benítez, D. Villaseñor-Basulto, E. Bandala, and J. M. Peralta-Hernández, “Discoloration of azo dye Brown HT using different advanced oxidation processes,” Chemosphere, vol. 267, Dec. 2021, Art. no. 129234.
  • Y. Tang et al., “Electrochemical oxidative degradation of X-6G dye by boron-doped diamond anodes: Effect of operating parameters,” Chemosphere, vol. 258, Nov. 2020, Art. no. 127368.
  • A. Shokrollahi and S. Ahmadi, “Determination of trace amounts of Brown HT as a food dye by a CPE-scanometry method,” J. Taibah Univ. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 196–204, Apr. 2018.
  • M. Soylak, S. Deryol, and F. Uzcan, “A new green microextraction method for traces Brown HT (E155) by using deep eutectic solvents prior to its spectrophotometric determination,” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., vol. 101, pp. 1437–1447, Oct. 2021.
  • B. Tutunaru, A. Samide, C. Neamțu, and I. Prunaru, “Electrochemical and thermal stability of Chocolate Brown HT food additive,” Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q., vol. 25, pp. 89–96, Aug. 2019.
  • X. Zheng et al., “Determination of triazine herbicides from water, tea, and juice samples using magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and magnetic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with HPLC,” Food Chem., vol. 468, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 142430.
  • S. Agatonovic-Kustrin, V. Gegechkori, T. Kobakhidze, and D. Morton, “Solid-phase microextraction techniques and application in food and horticultural crops,” Molecules, vol. 28, Sept. 2023, Art. no. 6880.
  • M. Shirani, M. Faraji, H. R. Nodeh, B. Akbari-adergani, and S. Sepahi, “An efficient deep eutectic magnetic nano gel for rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive μ-solid phase extraction of residue of tetracyclines in food samples,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 60, pp. 2802–2812, Aug. 2023.
  • F. Erek, M. F. Lanjwani, and M. Tuzen, “A sensitive determination of Brilliant Blue FCF in some food samples using hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent-assisted magnetic nano gel-based dispersive solid phase microextraction prior to spectrophotometric analysis,” Food Chem., vol. 453, Sept. 2024, Art. no. 139632.
  • H. van Doorn, C. B. Grabanski, D. J. Miller, and S. B. Hawthorne, “Solid-phase microextraction with pH adjustment for the determination of aromatic acids and bases in water,” J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 829, pp. 223–233, Dec. 1998.
  • M. Ghaedi et al., “Activated carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient adsorbents for removal of arsenazo (ΙΙΙ) and methyl red from waste water,” Toxicol. Environ. Chem., vol. 93, pp. 438–449, Dec. 2010.
  • M. Rezaei, H. R. Rajabi, N. Bavarsad-Esfandiari, A. Shokrollahi, and I. Setayeshfar, “Vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction based on nanostructured imprinted polymer: A comparison study between spectrophotometric and solution scanometric techniques,” J. Chromatogr. B, vol. 1199, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 123262.
  • ICH-Q2, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, “Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1),” 2005. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/media/152208/download. (Accessed: Oct. 23, 2024).
  • Turkish Food Codex Regulation, “Amendment to the Communiqué on Colorants Used in Foods,” 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.etuder.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/etudermevzuatlar/tebligler/renklendiriciler_tebligi.pdf. (Accessed: Oct. 29, 2024).
  • A. Fogg and K. Yoo, “Direct differential-pulse polarographic determination of mixtures of food colouring matters, chocolate brown HT, tartrazine and Green S,” Analyst, vol. 104, pp. 1087–1090, Apr. 1979.
Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 273 - 286, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1580580

Abstract

References

  • Turkish Food Codex Regulation, “Turkish Food Codex Food Additives Regulation,” 2013. [Online]. Available: https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tur152534.pdf. (Accessed: Oct. 28, 2024).
  • M. N. Hong, H. J. Suh, O. H. Lee, H. S. Chun, and C. Lee, “Improved analytical method of synthetic food colour additive, Brown HT by high-performance liquid chromatography,” J. Int. Sci. Publ. Agric. Food, vol. 2, pp. 68–75, Jun. 2014.
  • European Food Safety Authority, “Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Brown HT (E 155) as a food additive, EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources (ANS),” EFSA J., vol. 8, pp. 1–31, Sept. 2010.
  • A. E. Lawen, O. O. Hazha, A. O. Nigar, and H. S. Jabbar, “A novel fluorescence probe using Brown HT precursor carbon dots for highly selective and ultrasensitive quantitation of potassium ion in some staple food samples,” Food Chem., vol. 467, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 142341.
  • F. Karimi et al., “Advancement in electrochemical strategies for quantification of Brown HT and Carmoisine (Acid Red 14) from Azo Dyestuff class,” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 165, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 113075.
  • A. C. Sezgin and S. Ayyıldız, “A research on the colorants used in snack foods consumed by children,” Int. J. Soc. Res., vol. 11, no. 18, pp. 877–913, Jun. 2019.
  • M. Corona-Bautista, A. Picos-Benítez, D. Villaseñor-Basulto, E. Bandala, and J. M. Peralta-Hernández, “Discoloration of azo dye Brown HT using different advanced oxidation processes,” Chemosphere, vol. 267, Dec. 2021, Art. no. 129234.
  • Y. Tang et al., “Electrochemical oxidative degradation of X-6G dye by boron-doped diamond anodes: Effect of operating parameters,” Chemosphere, vol. 258, Nov. 2020, Art. no. 127368.
  • A. Shokrollahi and S. Ahmadi, “Determination of trace amounts of Brown HT as a food dye by a CPE-scanometry method,” J. Taibah Univ. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 196–204, Apr. 2018.
  • M. Soylak, S. Deryol, and F. Uzcan, “A new green microextraction method for traces Brown HT (E155) by using deep eutectic solvents prior to its spectrophotometric determination,” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., vol. 101, pp. 1437–1447, Oct. 2021.
  • B. Tutunaru, A. Samide, C. Neamțu, and I. Prunaru, “Electrochemical and thermal stability of Chocolate Brown HT food additive,” Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q., vol. 25, pp. 89–96, Aug. 2019.
  • X. Zheng et al., “Determination of triazine herbicides from water, tea, and juice samples using magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and magnetic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with HPLC,” Food Chem., vol. 468, Mar. 2025, Art. no. 142430.
  • S. Agatonovic-Kustrin, V. Gegechkori, T. Kobakhidze, and D. Morton, “Solid-phase microextraction techniques and application in food and horticultural crops,” Molecules, vol. 28, Sept. 2023, Art. no. 6880.
  • M. Shirani, M. Faraji, H. R. Nodeh, B. Akbari-adergani, and S. Sepahi, “An efficient deep eutectic magnetic nano gel for rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive μ-solid phase extraction of residue of tetracyclines in food samples,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 60, pp. 2802–2812, Aug. 2023.
  • F. Erek, M. F. Lanjwani, and M. Tuzen, “A sensitive determination of Brilliant Blue FCF in some food samples using hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent-assisted magnetic nano gel-based dispersive solid phase microextraction prior to spectrophotometric analysis,” Food Chem., vol. 453, Sept. 2024, Art. no. 139632.
  • H. van Doorn, C. B. Grabanski, D. J. Miller, and S. B. Hawthorne, “Solid-phase microextraction with pH adjustment for the determination of aromatic acids and bases in water,” J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 829, pp. 223–233, Dec. 1998.
  • M. Ghaedi et al., “Activated carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient adsorbents for removal of arsenazo (ΙΙΙ) and methyl red from waste water,” Toxicol. Environ. Chem., vol. 93, pp. 438–449, Dec. 2010.
  • M. Rezaei, H. R. Rajabi, N. Bavarsad-Esfandiari, A. Shokrollahi, and I. Setayeshfar, “Vortex-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction based on nanostructured imprinted polymer: A comparison study between spectrophotometric and solution scanometric techniques,” J. Chromatogr. B, vol. 1199, Apr. 2022, Art. no. 123262.
  • ICH-Q2, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, “Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1),” 2005. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/media/152208/download. (Accessed: Oct. 23, 2024).
  • Turkish Food Codex Regulation, “Amendment to the Communiqué on Colorants Used in Foods,” 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.etuder.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/etudermevzuatlar/tebligler/renklendiriciler_tebligi.pdf. (Accessed: Oct. 29, 2024).
  • A. Fogg and K. Yoo, “Direct differential-pulse polarographic determination of mixtures of food colouring matters, chocolate brown HT, tartrazine and Green S,” Analyst, vol. 104, pp. 1087–1090, Apr. 1979.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Analytical Spectrometry, Separation Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Figen Erek 0000-0002-2861-5504

Publication Date March 26, 2025
Submission Date November 6, 2024
Acceptance Date February 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE F. Erek, “A Hydrophillic Deep Eutectic Solvent Assisted Magnetic Colloidal Gel Based Dispersive Solid Phase Microextraction Method for Preconcentration of Brown HT (E155)”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 273–286, 2025, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.1580580.

Bitlis Eren University
Journal of Science Editor
Bitlis Eren University Graduate Institute
Bes Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvari, Merkez Kampus, 13000 BITLIS