Bor elementinin bitkiler için önemi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 168 - 174, 30.12.2017

Aydın Güneş , Sait Gezgin , Kadriye Kalinbacak , Hesna Ozcan , İsmail Cakmak

Öz

Bitkilerde
bor noksanlığı, en çok kumlu ve organik maddesi düşük olan, yıkanmanın fazla
olduğu ve kireçlemenin sıklıkla yapıldığı asit topraklarda ortaya çıkar.
Ayrıca, bor adsorpsiyonu/fiksasyonu yüksek olan killi ve pH’sı yüksek
topraklarda da bor noksanlığına rastlanmaktadır. Bor noksanlığının ortaya
çıkışıyla birlikte öncelikle hücre duvarlarının oluşumu, yapısal bütünlüğü ve
işlevi zarar görmektedir. Bitkilerdeki borun yaklaşık % 90’a varan bölümü,
hücre duvarlarında yapısal bir element olarak yer almakta ve biyolojik
membranların stabilitesini korumaktadır. Bu özelliği ile bor, bitkinin büyüme
ve verimi üzerinde ve besin elementi alımında belirleyici bir role sahiptir.
Bitkilerin hücre duvarlarında pektin maddesine bağlı olarak bulunan bor, hücre
duvarlarına önemli bir sağlamlık ve bütünlük kazandırmaktadır. Böylece bor
bitki dokularını, patojen girişine ve enfeksiyona karşı koruyucu bir rol
üstlenmekte ve bitkilerin hastalıklara karşı direncini arttıran önemli bir
besin elementi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Borun en dikkat çekici
işlevlerinden birisi de, polen oluşumu /tozlaşma, döllenme ve meyve tutumundaki
rolüdür. Çoğunlukla, bor noksanlığı çeken bitkilerde vejetatif büyüme
etkilenmezken, generatif büyümede ve meyve oluşumunda ciddi azalmalar ortaya
çıkar. Bor bitki içinde floem iletim demetinde zor taşınan bir element olarak
bilinir ve noksanlık belirtileri genç yapraklarda ve sürgünlerde ortaya çıkar.
Bu yüzden, özellikle çiçeklenme ve meyve/tane oluşum döneminde yapraklardan
bitkilere kontrollü bir bor gübrelemesinin yapılması yüksek verim için bir
verimi garanti etmek adına önemlidir. Bor noksanlığı problemi, topraklarda veya
yapraklarda borun yeterli olması durumunda dahi ortaya çıkabilir. Bu durum,
daha çok hava neminin yüksek ve transpirasyonun düşük olduğu koşullarda belirgin
biçimde ortaya çıkar. Hücre duvarı kompozisyonu ve pektin maddesi miktarına
bağlı olmak üzere bitkilerin bor gereksinimi türden türe önemli farklılıklar
göstermektedir. Genelde, tahıllar gibi bor gereksinimi düşük olan bitkilere 100
-200 g/da bor önerilirken; bu oran, şeker pancarı, kolza, ayçiçeği gibi bora
gereksinimi yüksek olan bitkilerde 400 g’a çıkabilmektedir. Yapraktan yapılacak bor
gübrelemesinde ise genelde kabul gören oran 250-300 mg B/litre olacak şekilde
önerilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bor, borlu gübreler, borlu gübreleme

The importance of boron for plants

Öz

In
plants, boron deficiency occurs most often in acidic sandy soils with low
organic matter, high leaching capacity, and frequent lime applications. In addition,
boron deficiency is also observed in clayey and high pH soil with high boron
adsorption/fixation capacity. Under boron deficiency conditions, the formation,
structural stability and functional integrity of cell walls are damaged. Up to
90% of boron in plants is located on cell walls as a structural element and
contributes to maintenance of the stability of biological membranes. With these
functions boron plays decisive roles in plant growth, yield and nutrient
uptake. Boron, as a cell wall element is associated with the pectin substance
and provides a substantial strength and stability to cell walls. Thanks to
these functions, boron plays a protective role against the penetration and
infection of pathogens into plant tissues and increases high resistance of
plants to diseases. One of the most particular functions of boron in plants is
its role in pollination, fertilization and fruit setting. Therefore, in most
cases, vegetative growth is not affected in plants by boron deficiency, while
generative growth and fruit formation are affected seriously. Among plant
mineral nutrients, boron show the lowest phloem mobility. For this reason,
foliar boron fertilization based on leaf analysis is of great importance,
especially during the periods of flowering and fruit/seed formation to ensure
high yields. Boron deficiency problem can even occur in plants despite of
sufficiently high amounts of boron in soils or in fully-expanded leaves which
is usually common under conditions where the humidity is high and the
transpiration is low. Boron requirements of plants varies considerably from
species to species depending on the composition of the cell wall and the amount
of pectin. Thus, it is very important to take into account plant species when
boron fertilizers are applied. In general, 1 to 2 kg/ha of boron is recommended
for plants with low boron requirements, such as cereals, and this rate can be 4
kg for plants with high boron requirement such as sugar beet, rape and
sunflower. In the case of foliar boron fertilization, 250-300 mg B/liter is
most commonly recommended rate. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boron, boron fertilizers, fertilization with boron

Kaynakça

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