Araştırma Makalesi
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TRAINING STATUS, FEAR OF COVID-19 AND POSITIVITY LEVELS IN WUSHU ATHLETES: AN EXAMPLE DURING THE PANDEMIC

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 260 - 271, 16.08.2021

Öz

The new type of coronavirus, which emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, spread all over the world in a short time and became a global problem. This study aims to examine the training status, fear of Covid-19, and positivity levels of Wushu athletes in terms of different variables during the pandemic process. The research was conducted with the participation of 250 volunteer Wushu athletes of youth and adult categories. The Fear of Covid-19 Scale and Positivity Scale were applied to the participants via the internet. Since the data showed normal distribution, the Independent Samples t-Test was used in the comparative analysis between the two groups, and Spearman rank-sequence correlation analysis was used because there were ordinal variables in the correlation analysis. According to the results, 47.1% of the athletes used to train five days or more per week before the pandemic; however, in the pandemic, the number of training days decreased to 3 days (44.1%) per week. There were positive and significant relationships between both training frequency and training hours in the pandemic with positivity levels (p < .01). While it was observed that national athletes had significantly higher fear of Covid-19 and positivity mean scores compared to non-nationals (p <.05), but no difference was found between genders (p > .05). Fear of Covid-19 in the adult category was higher than the youth category (p < .05). According to the results of our study, during the pandemic, as the participants’ training days and hours decreased, their positivity levels also decreased. Therefore, it could be argued that in order to adapt to the difficult conditions of the pandemic and to spend this process more positively, it is important to investigate the psychological states of people and the necessary interventions as well as making exercise strategies.

Kaynakça

  • Fung TS., Liu DX. (2019). Human coronavirus: Host-pathogen interaction. Annual Review of Microbiology. 73, 529-557.
  • Choi C., Bum CH. (2020). Changes in the type of sports activity due to Covid-19: hypochondriasis and the intention of continuous participation in sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(13), 4871.
  • Du Toit A. (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 18(3), 123.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (covid-2019) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ [Erişim tarihi 4 Mart 2021].
  • Bulut C., Kato Y. (2020). Epidemiology of Covid-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 50(1), 563-570.
  • Aslan R. (2020). Covid-19 fizyoloji ve psikolojiyi nasıl etkiliyor? Ayrıntı Dergisi. 8(88), 47-53.
  • Brailovskaia J., Margraf J. (2020). Predicting adaptive and maladaptive responses to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 20, 183-191.
  • Burtscher J., Burtscher M., Millet GP. (2020) (Indoor) isolation, stress, and physical inactivity: Vicious circles accelerated by Covid-19? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 30(8), 1544-1545.
  • Dong L., Hu S., Gao J. (2020). Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 14(1), 58-60.
  • Hoog N., Stroebe W., de Wit JB. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence. 3(2), 84-113.
  • Ahorsu DK., Lin CY., Imani V., Saffari M., Griffiths MD., Pakpour AH. (2020). The fear of covid-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 1-9.
  • Fredrickson BL. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist. 56(3), 218.
  • Fullana MA., Hidalgo-Mazzei D., Vieta E., Radua J. (2020). Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown. Journal of Affective Disorders. 275, 80-81.
  • Nieman DC., Wentz LM. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 8(3), 201-217.
  • Stults-Kolehmainen MA., Sinha R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine. 44(1), 81-121.
  • Rossi R., Socci V., Talevi D., Mensi S., Niolu C., Pacitti F., Di MArco A., Rossi A., Siracusano A., Di Lorenzo G. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11, 790.
  • Karasar N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi kavramlar ilkeler teknikleri. Nobel. Ankara, 108.
  • Caprara GV., Alessandri G., Eisenberg N., Kupfer A., Steca P., Caprara MG., Abela J. (2012). The positivity scale. Psychological Assessment. 24, 701-712.
  • Çıkrıkçı Ö., Çiftçi M., Gençdoğan B. (2015). Pozitiflik ölçeği türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being. 3(1), 57-76.
  • Satıcı B., Gocet-Tekin E., Deniz ME., Satici SA. (2020). Adaptation of the fear of Covid-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. 8, 1-9.
  • Ladikli N., Bahadır E., Yumuşak FN., Akkuzu H., Karaman G. (2020). Covid-19 korkusu ölçeği’nin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 3(2),71-80.
  • Tabachnick B., Fidell L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, 6th international edition (cover) edn. New Jersey: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Xiang YT., Yang Y., Li W., Zhang L., Zhang Q., Cheung T. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7, 228-229.
  • Wang C., Pan R., Wan X., Tan Y., Xu L., Ho CS. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and 347 associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (Covid-19) epidemic among the 348 general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(5), 1729.
  • Duman N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde Covid-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science. 4(8), 426-37.
  • Cao W., Fang Z., Hou G., Han M., Xu X., Dong J., Zheng J. (2020). The psychological impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 287, 112934.
  • Bakioğlu F., Korkmaz O., Ercan H. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 28, 1-14.
  • Nguyen HT., Do BN., Pham KM., Kim GB., Dam HTB., Nguyen TT., Nguyen TTP., Nguyen YH., Sorensen K., Pleasant A., Duong TV. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 scale- associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. International Journal of Environment Research Public Health. 17, 4164.
  • Broche-Pérez Y., Fernández-Fleites Z., Jiménez-Puig E., Fernández-Castillo E., Rodríguez-Martin BC. (2020). Gender and fear of Covid-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 12, 1-9.
  • Liu N., Zhang F., Wei C., Jia Y., Shang Z., Sun L. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during 322 Covid-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research. 287, 112921.
  • Çifçi F., Demir A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinde türk profesyonel futbolcularin Covid-19 korkusu ve kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2(1), 26-38.
  • Lu C. (2008). Modern wushu: When chinese martial arts meet western sports. Archives of Budo. 4, 38.
  • Guangxi W. (2016). Çin kungfusu. 1. Baskı. Beykent İstanbul. Analiz Basım Yayın Tasarım Gıda Tic. ve San. Ltd. Şti. İstanbul, 67-140.
  • Cri online. (2010). Wushu nedir? http://turkish.cri.cn/794/2010/04/26/1s125419.htm. [Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2019].
  • Biddle SJH., Ciaccioni S., Thomas G., Vergeer I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 42, 146-155.
  • Werneck AO., Silva D R., Malta DC., Souza-Junior P., Azevedo LO., Barros M., Szwarcwald CL. (2021). Changes in the clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors during the Covid-19 quarantine and the association with mental health indicators among Brazilian adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 11(2), 323-331.
  • Nguyen HC., Nguyen MH., Do BN., Tran CQ., Nguyen TTP., Pham KM., Pham LV., Tran KV., Duong TT., Tran TV., Doung TH., Nguyen TT., Nguyen QH., Huang TM., Nguyen KT., Pham TTM., Yang S., Chao JCJ., Duong TV. (2020). People with suspected COVİD-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9(4), 965.
  • Li S., Wang Y., Xue J., Zhao N., Zhu Wang. (2020). The Impact of Covic-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(6), 2032.
  • Cornine A. (2020). Reducing nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting: An integrative review. Nursing Education Perspectives. 41(4), 229-234.

WUSHU SPORCULARININ ANTRENMAN DURUMLARI COVİD-19 KORKUSU VE POZİTİFLİK DÜZEYLERİ: PANDEMİ SÜRECİ ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 260 - 271, 16.08.2021

Öz

2019 yılı sonlarında Çin’in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan yeni tip koronavirüs, kısa zamanda tüm dünyaya yayılarak küresel bir sorun haline geldi. Katı izolasyon tedbirlerini gerekli kılan salgınla mücadele süreci, toplumun pek çok kesimini ekonomik, sosyolojik ve psikolojik açıdan ciddi şekilde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, pandemi sürecinde wushu sporcularının antrenman durumları, Covid-19 korkusu ve pozitiflik düzeylerini farklı değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırma gençler ve büyükler kategorisinde yer alan 250 gönüllü wushu sporcusunun katılımıyla gerçekleştirildi. Katılımcılara Covid-19 korkusu ölçeği ve Pozitiflik ölçeği internet ortamda uygulandı. Veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için iki gurup arası karşılaştırmalı analizlerde Bağımsız Örneklemler t-Testi ve ilişki analizlerinde ise sıralı değişkenlerin yer aldığı için Spearman sıra-dizi korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Araştırma sonunda, sporcuların %47.1’inin pandemi öncesi haftada 5 gün ve üzeri antrenman yaptıkları; pandemide ise antrenman gün sayısının haftada 3’e (%44.1) düştüğü tespit edildi. Pandemide antrenman sıklığı ve antrenman saatleri ile pozitiflik düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu (p < .01). Milli sporcuların milli olmayanlara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek Covid-19 Korkusu ve pozitiflik puan ortalamasına sahip oldukları görülürken (p < .05) cinsiyetler arasında bir farka rastlanmadı (p > .05). Büyükler kategorisindeki sporcuların Covid-19 Korkusu gençler kategorisinden yüksek tespit edildi (p < .05).
Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre Covid- 19 pandemi sürecinde kısıtlamalar nedeniyle sporcuların antrenman sıklıkları ve süreleri azalmakla birlikte pozitiflik düzeylerinde düşüş yaşanması düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla pandemi sürecinin zorlu şartlarına uyum sağlayabilmek ve bu süreci daha pozitif geçirebilmek için sporcuların psikolojik durumlarının araştırılması ve gereken psikolojik desteklerin sunulmasının yanı sıra antrenman stratejilerinin yapılmasının önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışmamızda Wushu sporcularının pozitiflik düzeyleri ve Covid-19 korkusunun orta seviyede olduğu görülmüştür. Pandemi sürecinde katılımcıların antrenman günü ve saatleri azaldıkça pozitiflik düzeylerinde düşüş yaşanmıştır. Dolayısıyla pandemi sürecinin zorlu şartlarına uyum sağlayabilmek ve bu süreci daha pozitif geçirebilmek için sporcuların psikolojik durumlarının araştırılması ve antrenman stratejilerinin yapılmasının önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Fung TS., Liu DX. (2019). Human coronavirus: Host-pathogen interaction. Annual Review of Microbiology. 73, 529-557.
  • Choi C., Bum CH. (2020). Changes in the type of sports activity due to Covid-19: hypochondriasis and the intention of continuous participation in sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(13), 4871.
  • Du Toit A. (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 18(3), 123.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (covid-2019) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ [Erişim tarihi 4 Mart 2021].
  • Bulut C., Kato Y. (2020). Epidemiology of Covid-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 50(1), 563-570.
  • Aslan R. (2020). Covid-19 fizyoloji ve psikolojiyi nasıl etkiliyor? Ayrıntı Dergisi. 8(88), 47-53.
  • Brailovskaia J., Margraf J. (2020). Predicting adaptive and maladaptive responses to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 20, 183-191.
  • Burtscher J., Burtscher M., Millet GP. (2020) (Indoor) isolation, stress, and physical inactivity: Vicious circles accelerated by Covid-19? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 30(8), 1544-1545.
  • Dong L., Hu S., Gao J. (2020). Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. 14(1), 58-60.
  • Hoog N., Stroebe W., de Wit JB. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence. 3(2), 84-113.
  • Ahorsu DK., Lin CY., Imani V., Saffari M., Griffiths MD., Pakpour AH. (2020). The fear of covid-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 1-9.
  • Fredrickson BL. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist. 56(3), 218.
  • Fullana MA., Hidalgo-Mazzei D., Vieta E., Radua J. (2020). Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown. Journal of Affective Disorders. 275, 80-81.
  • Nieman DC., Wentz LM. (2019). The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 8(3), 201-217.
  • Stults-Kolehmainen MA., Sinha R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine. 44(1), 81-121.
  • Rossi R., Socci V., Talevi D., Mensi S., Niolu C., Pacitti F., Di MArco A., Rossi A., Siracusano A., Di Lorenzo G. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11, 790.
  • Karasar N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi kavramlar ilkeler teknikleri. Nobel. Ankara, 108.
  • Caprara GV., Alessandri G., Eisenberg N., Kupfer A., Steca P., Caprara MG., Abela J. (2012). The positivity scale. Psychological Assessment. 24, 701-712.
  • Çıkrıkçı Ö., Çiftçi M., Gençdoğan B. (2015). Pozitiflik ölçeği türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being. 3(1), 57-76.
  • Satıcı B., Gocet-Tekin E., Deniz ME., Satici SA. (2020). Adaptation of the fear of Covid-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction. 8, 1-9.
  • Ladikli N., Bahadır E., Yumuşak FN., Akkuzu H., Karaman G. (2020). Covid-19 korkusu ölçeği’nin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 3(2),71-80.
  • Tabachnick B., Fidell L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, 6th international edition (cover) edn. New Jersey: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
  • Xiang YT., Yang Y., Li W., Zhang L., Zhang Q., Cheung T. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7, 228-229.
  • Wang C., Pan R., Wan X., Tan Y., Xu L., Ho CS. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and 347 associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (Covid-19) epidemic among the 348 general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(5), 1729.
  • Duman N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde Covid-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science. 4(8), 426-37.
  • Cao W., Fang Z., Hou G., Han M., Xu X., Dong J., Zheng J. (2020). The psychological impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 287, 112934.
  • Bakioğlu F., Korkmaz O., Ercan H. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 28, 1-14.
  • Nguyen HT., Do BN., Pham KM., Kim GB., Dam HTB., Nguyen TT., Nguyen TTP., Nguyen YH., Sorensen K., Pleasant A., Duong TV. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 scale- associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. International Journal of Environment Research Public Health. 17, 4164.
  • Broche-Pérez Y., Fernández-Fleites Z., Jiménez-Puig E., Fernández-Castillo E., Rodríguez-Martin BC. (2020). Gender and fear of Covid-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 12, 1-9.
  • Liu N., Zhang F., Wei C., Jia Y., Shang Z., Sun L. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during 322 Covid-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research. 287, 112921.
  • Çifçi F., Demir A. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinde türk profesyonel futbolcularin Covid-19 korkusu ve kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2(1), 26-38.
  • Lu C. (2008). Modern wushu: When chinese martial arts meet western sports. Archives of Budo. 4, 38.
  • Guangxi W. (2016). Çin kungfusu. 1. Baskı. Beykent İstanbul. Analiz Basım Yayın Tasarım Gıda Tic. ve San. Ltd. Şti. İstanbul, 67-140.
  • Cri online. (2010). Wushu nedir? http://turkish.cri.cn/794/2010/04/26/1s125419.htm. [Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2019].
  • Biddle SJH., Ciaccioni S., Thomas G., Vergeer I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 42, 146-155.
  • Werneck AO., Silva D R., Malta DC., Souza-Junior P., Azevedo LO., Barros M., Szwarcwald CL. (2021). Changes in the clustering of unhealthy movement behaviors during the Covid-19 quarantine and the association with mental health indicators among Brazilian adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 11(2), 323-331.
  • Nguyen HC., Nguyen MH., Do BN., Tran CQ., Nguyen TTP., Pham KM., Pham LV., Tran KV., Duong TT., Tran TV., Doung TH., Nguyen TT., Nguyen QH., Huang TM., Nguyen KT., Pham TTM., Yang S., Chao JCJ., Duong TV. (2020). People with suspected COVİD-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: The potential benefit of health literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9(4), 965.
  • Li S., Wang Y., Xue J., Zhao N., Zhu Wang. (2020). The Impact of Covic-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(6), 2032.
  • Cornine A. (2020). Reducing nursing student anxiety in the clinical setting: An integrative review. Nursing Education Perspectives. 41(4), 229-234.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Merve Uygur Yelken 0000-0002-2258-1593

Rezvan Emamvırdı 0000-0003-2683-2502

Selma Karacan 0000-0002-0897-6900

Filiz Fatma Çolakoğlu 0000-0002-0635-7583

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uygur Yelken, M., Emamvırdı, R., Karacan, S., Çolakoğlu, F. F. (2021). WUSHU SPORCULARININ ANTRENMAN DURUMLARI COVİD-19 KORKUSU VE POZİTİFLİK DÜZEYLERİ: PANDEMİ SÜRECİ ÖRNEĞİ. Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 260-271.

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