Assessment of souil liquefaction using the energy approach

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 156 Sayı: 156, 193 - 204, 27.06.2018

Kamil Kayabalı , Pınar Yılmaz Mustafa Fener , Özgür Aktürk , Farhad Habıbzadeh

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.351257

Öz

Damage to structures
during earthquakes may be fully or partly caused by soil liquefaction, which
has been the subject of extensive research for several decades. Liquefaction
susceptibility of a sandy deposit is performed by comparing the resistance of a
soil to liquefaction (i.e., capacity) to the load imparted by an earthquake
(i.e., demand). In this regard, the stress-based method of liquefaction
assessment is by far the most popular. It involves uncertainties mostly related
to the computation of the maximum horizontal ground acceleration (amax) at
bedrock. A site response analysis or a simplifi ed assumption is necessary to
determine the amax on the ground level as well. Developing from the
stress-based approach, the strain-based approach has also similar constraints.
There exist laboratory techniques such as torsional shear to determine the
capacity of a sandy soil in terms of liquefaction energy per unit volume.
Likewise, the energy of a strong motion record can be set by employing simple
physics principles. For this, a velocity time history and the unit mass of the
soil are employed to compute the demand of any strong motion record. The scope
of this investigation is to illustrate the usability of the energy-based method
for the evaluation of soil liquefaction. The defi ciencies of the stress- and
strain-based approaches are outlined and the advantages of the energybased
approach are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liquefaction, stress method, strain method, energy method, earthquake energy

Kaynakça

• Alavi, A.H. and Gandomi, A.H., 2012, Energy-based numerical models for assessment of soil liquefaction: Geoscience Frontiers 3(4), 541-555.
• Atkinson, G. M., 1986, Ground motion for eastern North America: Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ont., Report, 86353.
• Baziar, M.H. and Jafarian, Y., 2007, Assessment of liquefaction triggering using strain energy concept and ANN model, capacity energy: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27, 1056–1072.
• Cetin, K.O., Seed, R.B., Der-Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, Jr. L.F., Kayen, R.E., Moss, R.E.S., 2004, Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 130(12),1314–1340.
• Chen Y. R., Hsieh, S. C., Chen, J. W., Shih, C. C., 2005. Energy-based probabilistic evaluation of soil liquefaction, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25(1):55-68.
• Davis, R.O., Berrill, J.B. 1982. Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 10, 59-68.
• Davis, R.O., Berrill, J.B. 2001. Pore pressure and dissipated energy in earthquakes-Field verification. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 127(3), 269-274.
• DeAlba, P.S., Seed, H.B. Chan, C.K. 1976. Sand liquefaction in large-scale simple shear tests. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE, 102(GT9): 909–927.
• Dief, H.M., Figueroa, J.L. 2001. Liquefaction assessment by the energy method through centrifuge modeling. In: Zeng, X.W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the NSF International Workshop on Earthquake Simulation in Geotechnical Engineering. CWRU, Cleveland, OH.
• Dobry, R., Ladd, R., Yokel, F., Chung, R., Powell. D. 1982. Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method. National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series, US Dept of Commerce, 138 p.
• Figueroa, J.L., Saada, A.S., Liang, L., Dahisaria, M.N. 1994. Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 120(9): 1554–1569.
• Green, R.A. 2001. Energy-based evaluation and remediation of liquefiable soils. PhD dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
• Hardin, B.O., Drenevich, V.P. 1972. Shear modulus and damping in soils – design and curves. ASCE Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 94 (SM3), 689-708.
• Hatanaka M., Uchida A. 1996. Empirical Correlation between Penetration Resistance and Internal Friction Angle of Sandy Soils. Soils and Foundations, 36(4): 1-9.
• Idriss, I.M., Boulanger, R.W. 2006. Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26, 115-130.
• Idriss, I.M., Boulanger, R.W. 2010. SPT-based liquefaction triggering procedures. Report No. UCD/CGM-10-02, Center for Geotechnical Modeling Department, University of California Davis, California, USA, 136 pp.
• Ishihara, K., Yasuda, S. 1972. Sand liquefaction due to irregular excitation. Soils and Foundations, 12(4), 65-77.
• Ishihara, K., Yasuda, S. 1975. Soil liquefaction in hollow cylinder torsion under irregular excitation. Soils and Foundations, 15(1), 45-59.
• Jafarian, Y., Towhata, I., Baziar, M.H., Noorzad, A., Bahmanpour, A. 2012. Strain energy based evaluation of liquefaction and residual pore water pressure in sands using cyclic torsional shear experiments. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 35, 13-28.
• Kokusho T., 2017. Liquefaction potential evaluations by energy-based method and stress-based method for various ground motions: Supplement, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 95, 40-47.
• Kokusho T., Mimori, Y., 2015. Liquefaction potential evaluations by energy-based method and stress-based method for various ground motions, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 75, 130-146.
• Kokusho T., Mimori, Y., Kaneko, Y., 2015. Energy-based liquefaction potential evaluation and its application to a case history, 8th Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, New Zealand.
• Ladd, R.S., Dobry, R. and Yokel, F.Y. and Chung, R.M., 1989, Pore water pressure buildup in clean sands because of cyclic straining. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, 12(1), 2208-2228.
• Law, K.T., Cao, Y.L. and He, G.N., 1990, An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27, 320–329.
• Liang L., 1995, Development of an energy method for evaluating the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit: PhD dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
• Liang, L., Figueroa, J.L., Saada, A.S., 1995, Liquefaction under random loading: a unit energy approach; Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 121(11). 776-781.
• NCEER, 1997, Proceeding of the NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: T. L. Youd and I. M. Idriss, eds., Technical Report NCEER-97-0022, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York, Buffalo, 276 pp.
• Nemat-Nasser S. and Shokooh, A.A., 1979, Unified approach to densification and liquefaction of cohesionless sand in cyclic shearing: Can Geotech J 1979; 16(4), 659-678.
• Ostadan, F., Deng, N., Arango, I., 1996, Energy-based method for liquefaction potential evaluation - Phase I, feasibility study: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory.
• Seed, H.B., 1980, Closure to soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes: J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 106 (GT6), 724.
• Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M., 1971, Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. J Soil Mech Found Div., ASCE, 97 (SM8): 1249–1274.
• Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M., 1982, Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes: Monograph Series, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 134 p.
• Seed, H.B., Wong, R.T., Idriss, I.M., and Tokimatsu, K., 1986, Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(GT11), 1016-1032.
• Skempton, A.W., 1986, Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in sand of overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, aging, and overconsolidation: Geotechnique, 21, 305-321.
• Whitman, R.V., 1971, Resistance of soil to liquefaction and settlement: Soils and Foundations, 11(4), 59-68.
• Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Andrus, R.D., Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian, J.T., Dobry, R., Finn, W.D.L., Harder, L.F., Hynes, M.E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J.P., Liao, S.S.C., Marcuson, W.F., Martin, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, P.K., Seed, R.B., Stokoe, K.H., 2001, Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127(4), 817-833.
• Zhang W, Goh A.T.C., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Xiao, Y., 2015, Assessment of soil liquefaction based on capacity energy concept and multivariate adaptive regression splines: Engineering Geology, 188, 29-37.