YAPISAL EŞİTLİK MODELLEMESİ KAPSAMINDA FORMATİF VE REFLEKTİF ÖLÇÜM

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 1 - 21, 01.12.2016

Bilge Aksay , Ünal Ay

Öz

değerlendirme amacıyla ileri istatistiki teknikler kullanılmakla birlikte, gözlenen değer ve gizil değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin yönü çoğu zaman göz ardı edilmektedir. Varsayımsal olarak gözlenen değerlerin, gizil değişkenin yansıması olduğu; bir başka anlatımla reflektif bir ilişkinin varlığı kabul edilmektedir. Ancak ölçek ve ölçek maddeleri arasındaki ilişki her zaman reflektif özellik taşımamaktadır. Ölçek ifadelerinin gizil değişkeni belirlediği ve gizil değişkenin etkilerini değil, nedenlerini gösterdiği durumlarda formatif ölçüm kullanılmalıdır. Bu inceleme, yönetim ve organizasyon alanında yapılan araştırmalardaki yapısal eşitlik modellemesi içinde gizil değişken ile reflektif ve formatif ölçüme ilişkin kuramsal altyapıyı tartışmaktadır. Çalışmada alanyazın üzerinden yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kapsamında kullanılan formatif ve reflektif ölçekler hakkında araştırmacılara bazı karar kriterleri sunulmakta ve yanlış ölçek seçiminin sonuçları hakkında bilgi verilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Formatif ölçekler, reflektif ölçekler, gizil değişken, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi

Formative and Reflective Measurement in Structural Equation Modelling

Öz

Besides the common use of complicated statistical techniques to analyze the hypotheses in management and organization studies, usually the type of relationship between the latent variable and their indicators are ignored. Hypothetically, scale items reflecting the scales, in other words, reflective relationship between scale and scale items is accepted. But the relationship between scale and scale items cannot be always assessed as reflective. When indicators comprise latent variable and present the causes rather than its’ effects, formative measurement should be applied. The scale, of which indicators comprising of the scale instead of repeating the same definition, is called as formative scale. This research discusses theoretical background of reflective and formative scales , latent variables used structural equation modelling. In this study, decision criteria about the scales used to represent the constructs in structural equation modeling for the researchers and the consequences of misspecified scales are presented

Anahtar Kelimeler

Formative scales, reflective scales, latent variable, structural equation modelling, confirmatory factor analysis

Kaynakça

• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Some methods for respecifying measurement measurement. Journal of Marketing Research: 19(4): 453-460.
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411-423.
• Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007). Psychological Methods, 12(2): 229-237.
• Baxter, R. (2009). Reflective and formative metrics of relationship value: A commentary essay. Journal of Business Research, 62(12): 1370-1377.
• Bollen. (2007). Interpretational confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007). Psychological Methods, 12(2): 219-228.
• Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1): 605-634.
• Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & Van Heerden, J. (2003). The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review, 110(2): 203-219.
• Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Teresi, J., Marchi, M., & Velez, C. N. (1990). Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 14(2): 183-196.
• Damantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators. Journal of Marketing Research, 38: 269-277.
• Diamantopoulos, A. (2010). Reflective and formative metrics of relationship value: Response to Baxter's commentary essay. Journal of Business Research, 63(1): 91-93.
• Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61(12): 1203- 1218.
• Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4): 263-282.
• Edwards, J. R. (2010). The fallacy of formative measurement. Organizational Research Methods, 14(2): 370-388.
• Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods, 5(2): 155-174.
• Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two Structural Equation Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4): 440-452. doi: 10.2307/3151718
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1987). A second generation of multivariate analysis: Classification of methods and implications for marketing research. Review of Marketing, 1: 407-450.
• Franke, G. R., Preacher, K. J., & Rigdon, E. E. (2008). Proportional structural effects of formative indicators. Journal of Business Research, 61(12):1229-1237.
• Freeze, R. D., & Raschke, R. L. (2007). An Assessment of Formative and Reflective Constructs in IS Research. Paper presented at the ECIS.
• Gable, G. G., Sedera, D., & Chan, T. (2008). Re-conceptualizing information system success: The IS-impact measurement model. Journal of the association for information systems, 9(7): 377-408.
• Gold, A. H., & Arvind Malhotra, A. H. S. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of management information systems, 18(1): 185-214.
• Hardin, A. M., Chang, J. C.-J., & Fuller, M. A. (2008). Formative versus reflective measurement: Comment on Marakas, Johnson, and Clay (2007). Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 9(9): 519- 543.
• Hattie, J. (1985). Methodology review: assessing unidimensionality of tests and ltenls. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(2): 139-164.
• Hauser, R. M. (1971). Socioeconomic background and educational performance (Vol. 2): American Sociological Association.
• Heck, R. H. (1998). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory approaches. Modern Methods for Business Research: 177-215.
• Heise, D. R. (1972). Employing nominal variables, induced variables, and block variables in path analyses. Sociological Methods & Research, 1(2): 147-173.
• Howell, R. D., Breivik, E., & Wilcox, J. B. (2007a). Is formative measurement really measurement? Reply to Bollen (2007) and Bagozzi (2007). Psychological Methods, 12(2): 238-245.
• Howell, R. D., Breivik, E., & Wilcox, J. B. (2007b). Reconsidering formative measurement. Psychological methods, 12(2): 205-218.
• Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological methods, 3(4): 424-453.
• Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1): 6-23.
• Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2): 199-218.
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70(351a): 631-639.
• Kim, G., Shin, B., & Grover, V. (2010). Investigating Two Contradictory Views of Formative Measurement in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly, 34(2): 345-365.
• Lacobucci, D. (2009). Everything you always wanted to know about SEM (structural equations modeling) but were afraid to ask. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(4): 673-680.
• Land, K. C. (1970). On the estimation of path coefficients for unmeasured variables from correlations among observed variables. Social Forces, 48(4): 506-511.
• Law, K. S., & Wong, C.-S. (1999). Multidimensional constructs M structural equation analysis: An illustration using the job perception and job satisfaction constructs. Journal of Management, 25(2): 143-160.
• MacCallum, R. C., & Browne, M. W. (1993). The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: some practical issues. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3): 533-541.
• MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Jarvis, C. B. (2005). The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 710-730.
• Madden, T. J., & Dillon, W. R. (1982). Causal analysis and latent class models: An application to a communication hierarchy of effects model. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4): 472-490.
• Marakas, G., Johnson, R. D., & Clay, P. F. (2008). Formative vs. reflective measurement: A reply to Hardin, Chang, and Fuller. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 9(9): 535-543.
• Petter, S., Straub, D., & Rai, A. (2007). Specifying formative constructs in information systems research. Mis Quarterly,31(4): 623-656.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lee, J. Y. (2003). The mismeasure of man(agement) and its implications for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.08.002 615-656. doi:
• Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4): 305-335.
• Roy, S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, T., & Marsillac, E. (2012). The effect of misspecification of reflective and formative constructs in operations and manufacturing management research. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 10(1): 34-52.
• Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. Applied Latent Class Analysis, 11: 89-106.
• Wansbeek, T., & Meijer, E. (2008). Measurement error and latent variables. (edi: Baltagi, Badi H.): 162-179. A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics: USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5): 719-751.
• Wilcox, J. B., Howell, R. D., & Breivik, E. (2008). Questions about formative measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61(12): 1219- 1228.