Use of Pyrolysed Almond and Walnut Shells (PAS and PWS) for the Adsorption of Cationic Dye: Reusing Agro-Waste for Sustainable Development

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 261 - 269, 30.09.2023

Gül Kaykıoğlu , Nesli Aydın

https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1310461

Öz

Agro-wastes are recognised as a carbon-rich source, which can be converted into value-added products in sustainable development. In this study, the effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and ionic strength were evaluated in Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption by using an activated carbon obtained from pyrolysed almond (PAS) and walnut shells (PWS). The characterisation of PAS and PWS was conducted by SEM-EDX, FT-IR and BET analysis. The removal efficiency of 6 mg/L initial MB concentration improved from 10.6% to 50.42% for PAS, when the adsorbent dose was increased from 0.5 g to 3.5 g in 1 L dye solution. It also improved from 14.8% to 48.7% for PWS, when the adsorbent dose was increased from 0.5 g to 3.5 g. The adsorption fits well with the Freundlich isotherm model and the second-order kinetic model is more favourable. In the adsorption experiments using PWS, 48% removal efficiency was obtained in the absence of NaCl. Depending on the increasing NaCl concentration, the removal efficiencies showed a decrease. 36% removal efficiency was obtained for PWS when 2500 mg/L NaCl was used. In the adsorption experiments using PAS, 40% removal efficiency was obtained in the absence of NaCl. When 500 mg/L NaCl was used, the maximum removal efficiency improved to 48%. However, with the increase in ionic strength, removal efficiencies decreased to approximately 39%. This study revealed that PAS and PWS could be used effectively instead of commercial activated carbon, which also provides an advantageous option from an economic point of view.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adsorption, Agro-Waste, Methylene Blue, Removal Efficiency, Sustainable Development

Destekleyen Kurum

NA

Proje Numarası

NA

Teşekkür

This study did not receive any funding. There is no competing interest to declare. Ethical approval was not required for the study

Kaynakça

• [1]. Kaykıoğlu, G, Güneş, E. 2016. Kinetic and equilibrium study of methylene blue adsorption using H2SO4-activated rice husk ash. Desalination and Water Treatmen; 57: 7085–7097 [2]. Alaya, M, Hourieh, M, Youssef, A, El-Sejarah, F. 1999. Adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from olive stones by chemical and physical activation. Adsorption Science and Technology; 18: 27–42
• [3]. Aygun, A., Yenisoy-Karakas, S., Duman, I. 2003. Production of granular activated carbon from fruit stones and nutshells and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mater.; 66: 189–195
• [4]. Fardhyanti, DS, Damayanti, A. 2017. Analysis of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of coconut shell. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering; 11(9).
• [5]. Boulika, H, El Hajam, M, Hajji Nabih, M, Idrissi Kandri, N, Zerouale, A. 2022. Physico-chemical proprieties of almond residues (shells & hulls) collected from the northern region of Morocco (Fez-Meknes). Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1676689/v1 [6]. Aktaş, T, Dalmış, S, Tuğ, S, Dalmış, F, Kayışoğlu, B. 2017. Development and testing of a laboratory type gasifier for gasification of paddy straw, Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty; 14(2).
• [7]. Polat, MP. 2018. Atıksularda renk ölçüm metotlarının karşılaştırılması, Master Theses, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
• [8]. Garg, VK, Gupta, R, Yadav, AB, Kumar, R. 2003. Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00058-0
• [9]. Aldemir, A, Kul, AR. 2020. Comparison of Acid Blue 25 adsorption performance on natural and acid-thermal co-modified bentonite: Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences; 26: 1335-1342.
• [10]. Kaykıoğlu, G, Güneş, E. 2016. Comparison of Acid Red 114 dye adsorption by Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 impregnated rice husk ash. Journal of Nanomaterials; 6304096. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6304096
• [11]. El-Halwany, MM. 2010. Study of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models for Methylene Blue adsorption on activated carbon developed from Egyptian rice hull (Part II), Desalination, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.07.030
• [12]. Alfattani, R, Shah, MA, Siddiqui, MIH, Ali, MA, Alnaser, IA. 2022. Bio-Char characterization produced from walnut shell biomass through slow pyrolysis: Sustainable for soil amendment and an alternate bio-fuel, Energies. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010001
• [13]. Genieva, S, Gonsalvesh, L, Georgieva, V, Tavlieva, M, Vlaev, L. 2021. Kinetic analysis and pyrolysis mechanism of raw and impregnated almond shells. Thermochimica Acta; 698, 178877
• [14]. Farges, R, Gharzouni, A, Ravier, B, Jeulin, P, Rossignol, S. 2018. Insulating foams and dense geopolymers from biochar by-products. Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology; 2(9): 193-200. 10.4416/JCST2017-00098
• [15]. Shofiyani, A, Gusrizal. 2006. Determination of pH effect and capacity of heavy metals adsorption by water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) biomass, Endonesian Journal of Chemistry; 6(1): 56-60.
• [16]. Li, Y, Du, Q, Liu, T, Peng, X, Wang, J, Sun, J, Wang, Y, Wu, S, Wang, Z, Xia, Y, Xia, L. 2013. comparative study of methylene blue dye adsorption onto activated carbon, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design; 91: 361–368
• [17]. Kumar, KV, Porkodi, K. 2006. Relation between some two- and three-parameter isotherm models for the sorption of Methylene Blue onto lemon peel. Journal of Hazardous Materials; 138: 633–635
• [18]. Ong, ST, Keng, PS, Lee, SL, Leong, MH, Hung, YT. 2010. Equilibrium studies for the removal of basic dye by sunflower seed husk (Helianthus annuus). International Journal of the Physical Sciences; 5, 1270.
• [19]. Rehman, MSU, Kim, I, Han, JI. 2012. Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by sugar extracted spent rice biomass. Carbohydrate Polymers; 90: 1314-1322
• [20]. Irem, S, Khan, QM, Islam, E, Hashmat, AJ, ul Haq, MA, Afzal, M, Mustafa, T. 2013.Enhanced removal of reactive navy blue dye using powdered orange waste. Ecological Engineering;. 58: 399-405
• [21]. Wu, Z, Zhong, H, Yuan, X, Wang, H, Wang, L, Chen, X, Zeng, G, Wu, Y. 2014. Adsorptive removal of methylene blue by rhamnolipid-functionalized graphene oxide from Wastewater. Water Research; 67: 330-344