Geleneksel ve Drop-Set Direnç Antrenmanlarının Kas Hasarı Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 181 - 192, 30.06.2023

İbrahim Erdemir , Recep Fatih Kayhan

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1250222

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç erkeklerde Geleneksel ve Drop-set ve direnç antrenman programlarının Kreatin kinaz, Kreatin kinaz miyokard bandı ve Laktat dehidrogenaz aktivitesini araştırmaktır. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması 20.10±0.74 yıl, boy uzunluğu 176.10±4.72cm, vücut ağırlığı 67.41±3.09 kg, vücut yağ %6.81±4.69 ve vücut kütle indeksi 21.79±1.5kg/m2 olan 10 erkek katılımcı çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. 1 Tekrar Maksimum testi uygulanarak belirlenen egzersizlerin yükleri belirlendi. Katılımcılar birer hafta ara ile geleneksel (1 TM’nin %80 ile 8 tekrar 3 set) ve Drop-set (1TM’nin 4 tekrar %90, 4 tekrar %80, ve 4 tekrar %70, 2 set) antrenmanı uyguladı. Katılımcıların antrenmanlar öncesinde (ön-test) ve sonrasında (son-test) kan alınarak Kreatin Kinaz, Kreatin kinaz miyokard bandı ve laktat değerleri tespit edildi. Antrenmanların zorluk derecesini belirlemek için deneklere, Borg Skalası uygulandı. Elde edilen verilerin Normallik için Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi kullanıldı. Ön- ve son-test değişkenleri için Wilcoxon testi, geleneksel set ve drop-set antrenmanı karşılaştırılmasında ise Mann-Whitney U testi kullanıldı. Geleneksel set ve drop-set antrenmanların Kreatin kinaz, Kreatin kinaz miyokard bandı ve laktat değerlerinde ön- ve son-test arasında anlamlı (p<0.05) artışlar tespit edildi. Geleneksel ve Drop-set direnç antrenmanları arasında Kreatin kinaz (z=-0.76, 𝑝>0.05), Kreatin kinaz miyokard bandı (z=-0.79, 𝑝>0.05) ve laktat (z=-0.27, 𝑝>0.05) parametreleri karşılaştırılmasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmedi. Sonuç olarak drop-set ve geleneksel set direnç antrenman modellerinin eşit antrenman volümü ve ortalama eşit şiddet ile uygulandığında kas üzerinde eşit hasarı verdiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geleneksel set, Drop-set, Kreatin kinaz, Direnç antrenmanı, Kas hasarı

The Effect of Traditional and Drop-Set Resistance Training on Muscle Damage

Öz

The aim of this study is to research Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase myocardial band and Lactate dehydrogenase activity of the traditional and drop-set resistance exercise program at young men. Ten male participants with a mean age of 20.10±0.74 years, height 176.10±4.72 cm, body weight 67.41±3.09 kg, body fat % 6.81±4.69 and body mass index 21.79±1.5 kg/m2 were included in the study. who did recreational resistance training, were included in the study. 1 Repeated Maximum test was used to decide the intensity of bench-press, shoulder press, leg press and hack squat used in the exercise. Participants applied traditional training (80% of 1 TM and 3 sets of 8 repetitions) with an interval of one week. Participants applied traditional (80% of 1 TM to 8 repetitions 3 sets) and Drop-set (4 repetitions 90% of 1TM, 80% 4 repetitions, and 70% 4 repetitions, 2 sets) trainings with a one-week interval. Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase myocardial band and lactate values were determined by taking the blood of the participants before (pre-test) and after (post-test) training. The Borg Scale was applied to the subjects to determine the difficulty level of the resistance exercises. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality. Wilcoxon test was used for pre- and post-test variables, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of traditional set and drop-set training. Significant (𝑝>0.05) increases were detected between pre- and post-test in Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase myocardial band and lactate values of traditional set and drop-set training. Comparison of Creatine kinase (z=-0.76, 𝑝>0.05), Creatine kinase myocardial band (z=-0.79, 𝑝>0.05) and lactate (z=-0.27, 𝑝>0.05) parameters between traditional and drop-set resistance training no statistically significant difference was detected. It has been determined that drop-set and traditional set resistance training models give equal damage on the muscle when applied with equal training volume and average equal intensity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Traditional set, Drop-set, Creatine kinase, Resistance training, Muscle damage

Kaynakça

• ACSM, (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand, qantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 43, 1334–1359. https://doi.org/0.1249/mss.0b013e318213fefb
• Angleri, V., Ugrinowitsch, C., & Libardi, C. A. (2017). Crescent pyramid and drop-set systems do not promote greater strength gains, muscle hypertrophy, and changes on muscle architecture compared with traditional resistance training in well-trained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(2), 359-369. https://doi.org/0.1007/s00421-016-3529-1
• Borrayo-Sánchez, G., Sosa-Jarero, F., Borja-Terán, B., Isordia-Salas, I., & Argüero-Sánchez, R. (2006). Qualitative determination of markers for myocardiac necrosis during pre-hospital admission for acute coronary syndrome. Cirugia Y Cirujanos, 74(4), 231-235. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm04
• Bentes, C. M., Simão, R., Bunker, T., Rhea, M. R., Miranda, H., Gomes, T. M, et al. (2012). Acute effects of drop-sets among different resistance training methods in upper body performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 34, 105-118. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0069-6
• Blazevich, A.J., Cannavan, D., Coleman, D.R., & Horne, S. (2007). Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103, 1565–1575. https://doi.org/0.1152/japplphysiol.00578.2007
• Borde, R., Hortoba, ́T., Granacher, U. (2015). Dose-response relationships of resistance training in healthy old adults: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45, 1693–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9
• Brancaccio, P., Maffulli, N., Buonauro, R., & Limongelli, F. M. (2008). Serum enzyme monitoring in sports medicine. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 27(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005
• Brancaccio, P., Maffulli, N., & Limongelli, F.M. (2007). Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Medicine Bull, 81(2), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm014
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi.
• Candow, D.G., & Burke, D.G. (2007). Effect of short-term equal-volume resistance training with different workout frequency on muscle mass and strength in untrained men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005
• Chevion, S., Moran, D.S., Heled, Y., Shani, Y., Regev, G., Abbou, B., et al. (2003). Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 5119-5123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0831097100
• Da Silva, D. P., Curty, V. M., Areas, J. M., Souza, S. C., Hackney, A. C., & Machado, M. (2009). Comparison of delorme with Oxford resistance training techniques: effects of training on muscle damage markers. Biology of Sport, 27, 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005
• De Vasconcelos Costa, B. D., Ferreira, M. E. C., Gantois, P., Kassiano, W., Paes, S. T., de Lima-Júnior, D., et al. (2021). Acute effect of drop-set, traditional, and pyramidal systems in resistance training on neuromuscular performance in trained adults. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(4), 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003150
• Figueiredo, V. C., de Salles, B. F., & Trajano, G. S. (2018). Volume for muscle hypertrophy and health outcomes: The Most effective variable in resistance training. Sports Medicine, 48, 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0793-0
• Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. (2014). Designing resistance training programs. Human Kinetics.
• Giechaskiel, B. (2020). A Simple creatine kinase model to predict recovery and efficiency of weight lifting programs. Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 7(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-7013845
• Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J., Rodriguez-Rosell, D., Sanchez-Medina, L., Ribas, J., Lopez-Lopez, C., Mora-Custodio, R., et al. (2016). Short-term recovery following resistance exercise leading or not to failure. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564254
• Hiscock, D.J., Dawson, B., Clarke, M., & Peeling, P. (2017). Can changes in resistance exercise workload influence internal load, countermovement jump performance and the endocrine response?. Journal Sports Science, 36(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1290270
• Hooper, D.R., Kraemer, W.J., Focht, B.C., Volek, J.S., DuPont, W.H., Caldwell, L.K., et al. (2017). Endocrinological roles for testosterone in resistance exercise responses and adaptations. Sports Medicine, 47, 1709-1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0698
• Koch, A. J., Pereira, R., & Machado, M. (2014). The creatine kinase response to resistance exercise. Journal Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 14(1), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002122
• Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(4), 674-688. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
• Krieger, J.W. (2009). Single versus multiple sets of resistance exercise: A Meta-regression. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 23, 1890–901. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b370be
• Lasevicius, T., Ugrinowitsch, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Roschel, H., Tavares, L. D., De Souza, E. O., et al. (2018). Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(6), 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1450898
• Mangine, G. T., Hoffman, J. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., Jajtner, A. R., et al. (2015). The effect of training volume and intensity on improvements in muscular strength and size in resistance trained men. Physiological Reports, 3(8), Article e12472. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12472
• McBride, J.M., McCaulley, G.O., & Cormie, P. (2009). Comparison of methods to quantify volume during resistance exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 106–10. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818efdfe
• McCaulley, G.O., McBride, J.M., Cormie, P., Hudson, M.B., Nuzzo, J.L., Quindry, J.C., et al. (2009) Acute hormonal and neuromuscular responses to hypertrophy, strength and power type resistance exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0951-z
• Moran-Navarro, R., Perez, C.E., Mora-Rodriguez, R., de la Cruz-Sanchez, E., Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J., Sanchez-Medina, L., et al. (2017). Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. European Journal Sport Science, 117, 2387–2399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3725-7
• Mougios, V. (2007). Reference intervals for serum creatine kinase in athletes. Journal Sports Medicine, 41, 674-678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z
• Peterson, M.D., Rhea, M.R., & Alvar, B.A. (2004). Maximizing strength development in athletes: A Meta-analysis to determine the dose- response relationship. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 377–82. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000958
• Peterson, M.D., Rhea, M.R., & Alvar, B.A. (2005). Applications of the dose- response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19, 950–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3725-7
• Pettersson, J., Hindorf, U., Persson, P., Bengtsson, T., Malmqvist, U., Werkström, V., et al. (2007). Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0862-z
• Rhea, M.R., Alvar, B.A., Burkett, L.N. (2003). A Meta-analysis to determine the dose response for strength development. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 35, 456–64. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000053727.63505.D4
• Schoenfeld, B. (2011) The Use of specialized training techniques to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182221ec2
• Schoenfeld, B., & Grgic, J. (2018a). Evidence-based guidelines for resistance training volume to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 40(4), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000363
• Schoenfeld, B., & Grgic, J. (2018b). Can drop set training enhance muscle growth?. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 40(6), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000366
• Schoenfeld, B.J. (2010) The Mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 2857–2872. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3
• Schoenfeld, B.J. (2013). Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Medicine, 43, 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0017-1
• Schoenfeld, B.J., Contreras, B., Willardson, J.M., Fontana, F., & Tiryaki- Sonmez, G. (2014). Muscle activation during low- versus high- load resistance training in well-trained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114, 2491–2497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2976-9
• Tavares, L.D., de Souza, E.O., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2017). Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross-sectional area. European Journal Sport Science, 17, 665–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1298673
• Urhausen, A., & Kindermann, W. (2000). Aktuelle Marker für die Diagnostik von Überlastungszuständen in der trainingspraxis. The German Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 226–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-021-04072-1
• Walker, S., Taipale, R.S., Nyman, K., Kraemer, W.J., & Häkkinen, K. (2011) Neuromuscular and hormonal responses to constant and variable resistance loadings. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 43, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e71bcb