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A SURVEY OF IRAN'S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Yıl 2016, , 341 - 352, 01.06.2016

Ali Aarab

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201620

Öz

Iran’s social structure in the transition period from Sassanid rule to early Islam is of great importance. The social structure of the Sassanid period was of a hier­archical kind that placed too many social and econom­ic burdens on society’s lower classes. This paper ex­amines through the use of historical texts the role of the Sassanid social structure and its pressure on the process of conversion to Islam by Iranians. The related literature shows this was one of the main reasons that Iranians accepted Islam, due to the modification of the social structure by the Muslims of early Islam who exerted effort to this end and this case can be investi­gated through the use of historical manuscripts and ar­chae­ological finds. However, the modified conditions in the following period took a different form that brought about the formation of other social classes which includ­ed classes formed on the basis of race and re­li­gion. Nev­er­theless, the landowner class obtained much power dur­ing this period which increased the pres­sure upon the lower classes who were mostly farmers. Thus, in the era of early Islam the same pressure from the upper class remained over the farmers who were a class having a most significant population.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Structure • Sassanid Era • Early Islamic Period • Manuscripts • Archaeological Evidence

Kaynakça

  • Al-Tabari 1881 A. J. F. M. ibn-Jarir Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari. Tehran 1881.
  • Ansari 1960 G. Ansari, Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow 1960.
  • Bahar 1990 M. Bahar, Faranbaghdadegi, Bundahesh. Tehran 1990.
  • Benveniste 1932 E. Benveniste, “Les Classes Socials dans la tradition Avestic”. Asiatique VI (1932) 117-134.
  • Biro 1987 A. Biro, Culture of Social Sciences. Tehran 1987.
  • Boyce 1968 M. Boyce, The Letter of Tansar. Rome 1968.
  • Bulliet 1994 R. W. Bulliet, Islam: The View from the Edge. New York 1994.
  • Coen 1993 B. Coen, Introduction to the Sociology. Tehran 1993.
  • Dinvari 2007 A. A. D. Dinvari, Akhbar al-Taval. Tehran 2007.
  • Dumezil 1958 G. Dumezil, L’ideologie Tripartie des Indo-Europeens. Bruxelles 1958.
  • Dumont 1990 L. Dumont, Caste System in India. London 1990.
  • El-Maverdi 1994 I. El-Maverdi, el-Ahkâmu's-Sultaniyye. İstanbul 1994.
  • Ferdowsi 2006 A. Ferdowsi, Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings. New York 2006.
  • Habibi 2007 M. Habibi, From Share to Urban: A Historical Analysis of the City and its Physical Appearance, Reflection. Tehran 2007.
  • Karimian 2008 H. Karimian, “Iranian Society in the Sasanian Period”. Eds. D. Kennet – L. Paul, Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History. Oxford (2008) 99-106.
  • Karimiyan – Jāveri 2010 H. Karimiyan – M. Jāveri, “Vigol and Harāskān, Two Cities; A Study Based on Archaeological Data in Transformation from Sassanid Era to the Islamic Period Relying Upon Archeological Data”. Journal of Archaeological Studies I/2 (2010) 63-83.
  • Karimian – Seyedein 2011 H. Karimian – S. Seyedein, “Iranian Cities after the Collapse of Sasanian Kingdom: A Case Study of Darabgerd”. Intl. J. Humanities XVIII/2 (2011) 51-62.
  • Karimian – Moghimi 2014 H. Karimian – N. Moghimi, “Sasanian Emperors as the Pioneers of Globalization: An Investigation on the Ideas of Globalization in Ancient Iran”. Journal of Historical Sociology VI/3 (2014) 31-55.
  • Kazazi 2006 J. Kazazi, The Edition and Interpretation of Shahname of Ferdowsi, vol. I. Tehran 2006.
  • Moinifar 2012 H. Moinifar, “Investigation of the Roots of the Caste System in India”. Journal of Subcontinent Researches 4/10 (2012) 91-108.
  • Oryan 1995 M. Oryan, Proceedings of the Second Congress of Urban and Architectural History: Volume 1, Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran Publication. Tehran 2000.
  • Panoff – Bern 1989 M. Panoff – M. Bern, Cultural Ethnology. Tehran 1989.
  • Pour Davoud 1988 E. Pour Davoud, Yashtha. Tehran 1988.
  • Pour Davoud – Frahwashi 1998
  • E. Pour Davoud – Frahwashi, Yasna. Tehran 1998
  • Ravandi 2003 M. Ravandi, Social History of Iran. Tehran 2003.
  • Ravandi 1997 M. Ravandi, Iran Social History. Tehran 1977.
  • Saeidi Madani 2011 S. M. Saeidi Madani, “The Study of Caste-Class System in Rig - Veda and Avesta”. Social Development & Welfare Planning Journal 5 (2011) 61-90.
  • Saeid Niya 1995 A. Saeid Niya, Urban Thought Mythical in First Iranian Cities. Tehran 1995.
  • Sasanpur – Moftakhari 2012 S. Sasanpur – H. Moftakhari, “The Change of Social Stratification System in Iran from the Fall of Sasanian to the End of Omavids”. Social History Research Journal 1/1 (2012) 79-96.
  • Khord-e Avesta 1976 Khorde Avesta. Trans. J. 1. M. Kaikhusroo, J. Asa, M. Nawabi – B. Faravashi. Shiraz 1976.
  • Weber 2003 M. Weber, Religion, Power, Community. Tehran 2003.

TARİHÎ YAZMALAR VE ARKEOLOJİK BULUNTULAR IŞIĞINDA SASANÎ DÖNEMİ’NDEN ERKEN İSLAM DÖNEMİ’NE GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNDE İRAN’IN SOSYAL YAPISI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2016, , 341 - 352, 01.06.2016

Ali Aarab

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201620

Öz

Sasanî egemenliğinden erken İslam Dönemi’ne ge­çiş sürecinde İran’ın sosyal yapısı büyük bir önem arz etmekte­dir. Sasanî Dönemi’ndeki sosyal yapı top­lumun alt sınıfı üze­rinde çok fazla sosyal ve ekonomik baskı uygulayan hiye­rarşik bir düzendedir. Bu makale, Sasanî Dönemi’nin sosyal yapısındaki rolü ve tarihî metinleri temel alarak İranlılar nez­dinde İslam’ın ka­bu­lü hususundaki baskıyı incelemekte­dir. İlgili litera­tür, İranlıların İslam’ı kabul etmesinin ana ne­den­le­rinden birisinin, bu durumun sonlandırılması için efor sarf eden erken İslam Dönemi Müslümanları ta­ra­fın­dan sosyal yapının değiştirilmesi nedeniyle mey­da­na geldi­ğini ve bu durumun tarihî el yazmaları ve ar­ke­olojik bulun­tular vasıtasıyla incelenebilir olduğu­nu ortaya çıkarmakta­dır. Lâkin ilerleyen dö­nemde de­ği­şen şartlar farklı bir hâl alarak diğer sosyal sınıfların olu­şumuna sebebiyet vermiştir, buna ırk ve din tabanlı sınıflar da dâhildir. Bununla birlikte, çoğunluğu çiftçi olan alt sınıflar üzerindeki baskıyı artıran bu süreç için­de toprak sahibi olan sınıf güç kazanmıştır. Böy­le­ce, İran’ın erken İslam Dönemi’nde üst sınıflarca ya­pı­lan aynı baskı, kayda değer bir nüfusu barındıran çiftçiler sınıfı üzerinde bâki kalmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Yapı • Sasani Dönemi • Erken İslam Dönemi • Tarihsel Yazmalar • Arkeolojik Buluntular

Kaynakça

  • Al-Tabari 1881 A. J. F. M. ibn-Jarir Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari. Tehran 1881.
  • Ansari 1960 G. Ansari, Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow 1960.
  • Bahar 1990 M. Bahar, Faranbaghdadegi, Bundahesh. Tehran 1990.
  • Benveniste 1932 E. Benveniste, “Les Classes Socials dans la tradition Avestic”. Asiatique VI (1932) 117-134.
  • Biro 1987 A. Biro, Culture of Social Sciences. Tehran 1987.
  • Boyce 1968 M. Boyce, The Letter of Tansar. Rome 1968.
  • Bulliet 1994 R. W. Bulliet, Islam: The View from the Edge. New York 1994.
  • Coen 1993 B. Coen, Introduction to the Sociology. Tehran 1993.
  • Dinvari 2007 A. A. D. Dinvari, Akhbar al-Taval. Tehran 2007.
  • Dumezil 1958 G. Dumezil, L’ideologie Tripartie des Indo-Europeens. Bruxelles 1958.
  • Dumont 1990 L. Dumont, Caste System in India. London 1990.
  • El-Maverdi 1994 I. El-Maverdi, el-Ahkâmu's-Sultaniyye. İstanbul 1994.
  • Ferdowsi 2006 A. Ferdowsi, Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings. New York 2006.
  • Habibi 2007 M. Habibi, From Share to Urban: A Historical Analysis of the City and its Physical Appearance, Reflection. Tehran 2007.
  • Karimian 2008 H. Karimian, “Iranian Society in the Sasanian Period”. Eds. D. Kennet – L. Paul, Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History. Oxford (2008) 99-106.
  • Karimiyan – Jāveri 2010 H. Karimiyan – M. Jāveri, “Vigol and Harāskān, Two Cities; A Study Based on Archaeological Data in Transformation from Sassanid Era to the Islamic Period Relying Upon Archeological Data”. Journal of Archaeological Studies I/2 (2010) 63-83.
  • Karimian – Seyedein 2011 H. Karimian – S. Seyedein, “Iranian Cities after the Collapse of Sasanian Kingdom: A Case Study of Darabgerd”. Intl. J. Humanities XVIII/2 (2011) 51-62.
  • Karimian – Moghimi 2014 H. Karimian – N. Moghimi, “Sasanian Emperors as the Pioneers of Globalization: An Investigation on the Ideas of Globalization in Ancient Iran”. Journal of Historical Sociology VI/3 (2014) 31-55.
  • Kazazi 2006 J. Kazazi, The Edition and Interpretation of Shahname of Ferdowsi, vol. I. Tehran 2006.
  • Moinifar 2012 H. Moinifar, “Investigation of the Roots of the Caste System in India”. Journal of Subcontinent Researches 4/10 (2012) 91-108.
  • Oryan 1995 M. Oryan, Proceedings of the Second Congress of Urban and Architectural History: Volume 1, Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran Publication. Tehran 2000.
  • Panoff – Bern 1989 M. Panoff – M. Bern, Cultural Ethnology. Tehran 1989.
  • Pour Davoud 1988 E. Pour Davoud, Yashtha. Tehran 1988.
  • Pour Davoud – Frahwashi 1998
  • E. Pour Davoud – Frahwashi, Yasna. Tehran 1998
  • Ravandi 2003 M. Ravandi, Social History of Iran. Tehran 2003.
  • Ravandi 1997 M. Ravandi, Iran Social History. Tehran 1977.
  • Saeidi Madani 2011 S. M. Saeidi Madani, “The Study of Caste-Class System in Rig - Veda and Avesta”. Social Development & Welfare Planning Journal 5 (2011) 61-90.
  • Saeid Niya 1995 A. Saeid Niya, Urban Thought Mythical in First Iranian Cities. Tehran 1995.
  • Sasanpur – Moftakhari 2012 S. Sasanpur – H. Moftakhari, “The Change of Social Stratification System in Iran from the Fall of Sasanian to the End of Omavids”. Social History Research Journal 1/1 (2012) 79-96.
  • Khord-e Avesta 1976 Khorde Avesta. Trans. J. 1. M. Kaikhusroo, J. Asa, M. Nawabi – B. Faravashi. Shiraz 1976.
  • Weber 2003 M. Weber, Religion, Power, Community. Tehran 2003.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ali Aarab Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016

Kaynak Göster

APA Aarab, A. (2016). A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cedrus, 4, 341-352. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201620
AMA Aarab A. A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cedrus. Haziran 2016;4:341-352. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201620
Chicago Aarab, Ali. “A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE”. Cedrus 4, Haziran (Haziran 2016): 341-52. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201620.
EndNote Aarab A (01 Haziran 2016) A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cedrus 4 341–352.
IEEE A. Aarab, “A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE”, Cedrus, c. 4, ss. 341–352, 2016, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS/201620.
ISNAD Aarab, Ali. “A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE”. Cedrus 4 (Haziran 2016), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201620.
JAMA Aarab A. A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cedrus. 2016;4:341–352.
MLA Aarab, Ali. “A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE”. Cedrus, c. 4, 2016, ss. 341-52, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201620.
Vancouver Aarab A. A SURVEY OF IRAN’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSITION FROM THE SASSANID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC ERA FROM THE MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Cedrus. 2016;4:341-52.

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