The Effects of Cyberbullying on Work Engagement and Burnout Levels of Employees

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 45 - 68, 30.06.2021

Ülkühan Bike Esen , Fatih Esen

https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.733491

Cited By: 2

Öz

Rapidly developing communication technologies accelerated the spread of information and increased its use. However, this development brought some damages. For example, it combined with bullying, a form of aggressive behavior, leading to the emergence of a new type of bullying called cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be described as an upper stage of traditional (face to face) bullying. Because, unlike the traditional one, the bully can hide his/her identity and/or can make it known for the crowds. Regardless of its type, bullying has negative effects on both children and adults. In previous studies, the effects of cyberbullying on children and adults were discussed, and in this study, the effects of cyberbullying applied to employees on work loyalties and their burnouts were investigated. To this end, data was collected from 205 people who were working in different sectors through a questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. As a result of the analysis, cyberbullying has been shown to affect burnout positively and significantly. On the other hand, it has been determined that cyberbullying does not have a direct effect on job loyalty, but it has an indirect effect through burnout.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Communication technology, Mobbing, Power imbalance, Structural equation modeling

SİBER ZORBALIĞIN ÇALIŞANLARIN İŞE TUTKUNLUK VE TÜKENMİŞLİK DÜZEYLERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Hızla gelişen iletişim teknolojileri, bilginin yayılımını hızlandırmış ve kullanımını artırmıştır. Ancak bu gelişme birtakım zararları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Örneğin, saldırgan bir davranış türü olan zorbalık ile birleşerek, siber zorbalık adında yeni bir zorbalık türünün doğmasına sebep olmuştur. Siber zorbalık için, geleneksel (yüz yüze) zorbalığın bir üst aşaması denilebilir. Çünkü, siber zorbalıkta, geleneksel olandan farklı olarak, zorba kimliğini saklı tutabilmekte ve/veya yaptığı zorbalığın daha geniş kitlelerce bilinmesini sağlayabilmektedir. Hangi türü uygulanırsa uygulansın, zorbalık hem çocuklar hem de yetişkinler üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır. Daha önceki çalışmalarda siber zorbalığın çocuklar ve yetişkinler üzerindeki etkilerine değinilirken, bu çalışmada, çalışanlara işyerlerinde uygulanan siber zorbalığın, işe tutkunluklarına ve tükenmişliklerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, farklı sektörlerde çalışan 205 kişiden, anket yoluyla veri toplanmış ve veriler, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizin sonucunda, siber zorbalığın tükenmişliği olumlu ve anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği görülmüştür. Diğer yandan, siber zorbalığın işe tutkunluğa doğrudan etkisinin olmadığı, ancak tükenmişlik üzerinden dolaylı bir etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İletişim teknolojisi, Mobbing, Güç Dengesizliği, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi

Kaynakça

• Akella, D. (2016). Workplace bullying: Not a manager’s right?. Journal of Workplace Rights, 1-10. doi: 10.1177/2158244016629394
• Arıcak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N. ve Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 253-261. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0016
• Bagozzi, P. ve Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academic Marketing Science, 40(8), 8-34.
• Bakker, A. B. ve Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends. Career Development International, 23(19), 4-11. doi:10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
• Bartlett, J. E., ve Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69–84. doi:10.1177/1523422311410651
• Baruch, Y. (2005). Bullying on the net: Adverse behavior on e-mail and its impact. Information & Management, 42(2), 361–371. doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.02.001
• Besag, V. (1989). Bullies and victims in schools. Open University Press: Philadelphia.
• Chong, V. K. ve Monroe, G. S. (2015). The impact of the antecedents and consequences of job burnout on junior accountants’ turnover intentions: a structural equation modelling approach. Accounting and Finance, 55, 105–132. doi: 10.1111/acfi.12049
• Coyne, I., Farley, S., Axtell, C., Sprigg, C. A., Best. L. ve Kwok, O. (2017). Understanding the relationship between experiencing workplace cyberbullying, employee mental strain and job satisfaction: a dysempowerment approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28 (7), 945-972. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2015.1116454
• Çapri, B. (2013). Tükenmişlik Ölçeği-Kısa Formu ile Eş Tükenmişlik Ölçeği-Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması ve psikoanalitik-varoluşçu bakış açısından mesleki ve eş tükenmişlik ilişkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(3), 1393-1418.
• Einarsen, S., Matthiesen, S. B. ve Skogstad, A. (1998). Bullying, burnout and well-being among assistant nurses. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, 14(6), 563-568.
• Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I. ve Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4(4), 381-401. doi: 10.1080/13594329408410497
• Farley, S., Coyne, I., Axtell, C.M. ve Sprigg, C. (2016). Design, development and validation of a workplace cyberbullying measure (WCM). Work and Stress, 30 (4), 293-317. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2016.1255998
• Farley, S., Coyne, I., Sprigg, C., Axtell, C. ve Subramanian, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of workplace cyberbullying on trainee doctors. Medical Education, 49(4), 436-443. doi: 10.1111/medu.12666
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. 3.Baskı. ABD: Sage.
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 4.Baskı. ABD: Sage.
• Gardner, D., O’Driscoll, M., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Roche, M., Bentley, T., Catley, B., Teo, S. T. T. ve Trenberth, L. (2016). Predictors of workplace bullying and cyber-bullying in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13(448), 1-14. doi:10.3390/ijerph13050448
• Goodboy, A. K., Martin, M. M. ve Bolkan, S. (2017). Workplace bullying and work engagement: A self-determination model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-23. doi: 10.1177/0886260517717492
• Gorji, M. (2011). The effect of job burnout dimension on employees’ performance. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 1(4): 243-246.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. 7 Baskı. Londra: Pearson Education.
• Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. A. B. Bakker ve M. P. Leiter (Ed.). Work engagement: A handbook of Essential Theory and Research içinde (s.102-117) East Sussex: Psychology Press.
• Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112. doi: 10.1300/J202v06n03_06
• Hu, L.-t., ve Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424-453.
• Jaccard, J. ve Wan, C. K. (1996). Lisrel approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Jönsson, S., Muhonen, T., Forssell, R. C. ve Bäckström, M. (2017). Assessing exposure to bullying through digital devices in working life: Two versions of a cyberbullying questionnaire (CBQ). Psychology, 8, 477-494. doi: 10.4236/psych.2017.83030
• Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.
• Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23(3), 187-200.
• Kanbur, A. ve Kanbur, E. (2018). İşyerinde Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik sınama çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları - Studies in Psychology, 38(2), 237-258. doi:10.26650/SP2018-0018
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Newyork: Guilford Publications.
• Kowalski, R. M., Toth, A. ve Morgan, M. (2017). Bullying and cyberbullying in adulthood and the workplace. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(1), 64–81. doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1302402
• Küresel Dijital Rapor, Global Dijital Report (2019). Global insights and regional reports: Global, Hootsuite. https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2020)
• Langos, C. (2012). Cyberbullying: The challenge to define. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 285–289. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0588
• Lawrence, F. J. (2015). Prevalence and consequences of negative workplace cyber communications in the Australian public sector. Doctoral Thesis, Queensland University of Technology: Brisbane, Australia.
• Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184. doi: 10.1080/13594329608414853
• Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. ve Young, Scott A. (2009). Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage. London: Blackwell.
• Maslach-Pines, A. (2005). The Burnout Measure, Short Version. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78–88. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
• Maslach, C. ve Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52, 397–422.
• Meriläinen, M., Kõiv, K. ve Honkanen, A. (2019). Bullying effects on performance and engagement among academics. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(6), 1205-1223. doi: 10.1108/ER-11-2017-0264
• Meydan, C. ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Namie, G. (2007). The challenge of workplace bullying. Employment Relations Today, 34(2), 43-51. doi: 10.1002/ert.20151
• Nielsen, M. B. ve Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work & Stress, 26(4), 309–332. doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
• Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/Victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. D. J. Pepler ve K. H. Rubin (Ed.). The Development And Treatment of Childhood Aggression içinde (pp. 411–448). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
• Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. New York: Blackwell.
• Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon?. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
• Patchin, J. W. ve Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move Beyond The Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. doi: 10.1177/1541204006286288
• Piotrowski, C. (2012). From workplace bullying to cyberbullying: The enigma of e-harassment in modern organizations. Organization Development Journal, 30(4):44-53.
• Privitera, C. ve Campbell, M. A. (2009). Cyberbullying: The new face of workplace bullying? CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12, 395-400.
• Rayner, C. (1997). The incidence of workplace bullying. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 199-208.
• Sa, L. ve Fleming, M. (2008). Bullying, burnout, and mental health amongst Portuguese nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29, 411–426. doi: 10.1080/01612840801904480
• Salvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., Gonzalez, A. D., Gabani, F. L. ve Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 12(10): 1-29.
• Sansone, R. A. ve Sansone, L. A. (2015). Workplace bullying: A tale of adverse consequences. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1–2), 32–37.
• Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Work engagement. What do we know and where do we go? Work engagement in everyday life, business, and academia. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 3-10.
• Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). What is engagement? C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, ve E. Soane (Ed.). Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
• Schaufeli, W. B. ve Bakker, A. (2004). Utrecht work engagement scale. Preliminary Manual, Version 1.1.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation modeling: Psychology Press.
• Shao, T. A. (2002). Marketing research: An aid to decision making. SouthWestern:Thomson Learning.
• Slonje, R., Smith, P. K. ve Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024
• Smith, P. K. (2016). Bullying: Definition, types, causes, consequences and intervention. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(9), 519–532. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12266
• Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. ve Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary schools. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4): 376–385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
• Tehrani, N. (2005). Bullying at work: Beyond policies to culture of respect. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. http://www.noreentehrani.com/images/PDF/BullyingGuide.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2020)
• Turgut, T. (2011). Çalışmaya tutkunluk: İş yükü, esnek çalışma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatışması ile ilişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 155-179.
• West, B., Foster, M., Levin, A., Edmison, J. ve Robibero, D. (2014). Cyberbullying at work: In search of effective guidance. Laws, 3, 598–617. doi:10.3390/laws3030598
• Willard, N. (2005). Educator‘s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. http://clubtnt.org/safeOnline/printResources/EducatorsGuideToCyberbullyingAddressingTheHarm.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2020)
• Yahaya, A., Ing, T. C., Lee, G. M., Yahaya, N., Boon, Y., Hashim, S. ve Taat, S. (2012). The impact of workplace bullying on work performance. Archives Des Sciences, 65(4), 18-28.
• Ybarra, M. L. ve Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308-1316. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
• Yu, C.-H. (2004). Structural equation model. http://www.creative-wisdom.com/teaching/WBI/SEM.shtml. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2019)