Effect of Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Melatonin Levels

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1032 - 1039, 30.12.2022

Kübra Kundak Ayşen Yarat , Başak Doğan , Leyla Kuru

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1053211

Cited By: 1

Öz

Objective: Melatonin, a hormone secreted predominantly by pineal gland in a circadian manner, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The current research is conducted to explore the influence of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on levels of salivary melatonin in subjects with gingivitis and periodontitis. Methods: Sixty systemically healthy participants were included in this study; the groups are as follows: gingivitis (G), chronic periodontitis (CP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) and periodontally healthy (H). NSPT was applied to G group patients for 2 sessions, to CP and GAP group patients for 4 sessions. Plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were documented at baseline and 3 months post – treatment and early morning salivary samples were collected. ELISA was used to detect melatonin levels in saliva. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was performed to evaluate of sleep quality of patients. Results: At baseline, significant difference in gingival index, PD, BOP and CAL values was detected among all groups (p<0.05). Following NSPT, clinical measurements improved in G, CP, and GAP groups significantly (p<0.05). While salivary melatonin concentration of all groups was similar at baseline (p>0.05), a significant elevation in the level of salivary melatonin was found only in the G group after NSPT (p<0.05). PSQI scores differed significantly among groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The salivary melatonin levels in the presence of gingivitis and periodontitis varied at baseline and elevated following NSPT parallel to the improvement in clinical parameters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Melatonin, gingivitis, periodontitis

Destekleyen Kurum

Marmara University, Scientific Research Projects Unit

Proje Numarası

#SAG-C-DRP-120619-0228

Kaynakça

• [1] Reiter RJ. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocr Rev 1991; 12(2): 151180.
• [2] Cagnacci A, Elliott J, and Yen S. Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75(2): 447-452.
• [3] Arzt ES, Fernández-Castelo S, Finocchiaro LM, Criscuolo ME, Díaz A, Finkielman S, and Nahmod VE. Immunomodulation by indoleamines: serotonin and melatonin action on DNA and interferon-γ synthesis by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Immunol 1988; 8(6): 513-520.
• [4] Åkerstedt T, Fröberg JE, Friberg Y, and Wetterberg L. Melatonin excretion, body temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1979; 4(3): 219-225.
• [5] Laakso M, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Alila A, Stenberg D, and Johansson G. Correlation between salivary and serum melatonin: dependence on serum melatonin levels. J Pineal Res 1990; 9(1): 39-50.
• [6] Cutando A, Gómez-Moreno G, Arana C, Acuña-Castroviejo D, and Reiter RJ. Melatonin: potential functions in the oral cavity. J Periodontol 2007; 78(6): 1094-1102.
• [7] Gómez-Moreno G, Guardia J, Ferrera M, Cutando A, and Reiter R. Melatonin in diseases of the oral cavity. Oral Dis 2010; 16(3): 242-247.
• [8] Park KH, Kang JW, Lee EM, Kim JS, Rhee YH, Kim M, Jeong SJ, Park YG, and Hoon Kim S. Melatonin promotes osteoblastic differentiation through the BMP/ERK/Wnt signaling pathways. J Pineal Res 2011; 51(2): 187-194.
• [9] Nakade O, Koyama H, Ariji H, Yajima A, and Kaku T. Melatonin stimulates proliferation and type I collagen synthesis in human bone cells in vitro. J Pineal Res 1999; 27(2): 106-110.
• [10] Konečná B, Chobodová P, Janko J, Baňasová L, Bábíčková J, Celec P, and Tóthová Ľ. The Effect of Melatonin on Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22(5): 2390-2401.
• [11] Ahmed E, Shaker OG, Yussif N, and Ghalwash DM. Effect of locally delivered melatonin as an adjunct to nonsurgical therapy on GCF antioxidant capacity and MMP-9 in stage ii periodontitis patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent 2021; 2021(1): 1-10.
• [12] Lu X, Yu S, Chen G, Zheng W, Peng J, Huang X, and Chen L. Insight into the roles of melatonin in bone tissue and bone-related diseases. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47(5): 1-19.
• [13] Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, and Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45(20): 44-67.
• [14] Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, and Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol 2018; 89(1): 159-172.
• [15] Brook I. Microbiology and management of periodontal infections. Gen Dent 2003; 51(5): 424-428.
• [16] Gustafsson A and Åsman B. Increased release of free oxygen radicals from peripheral neutrophils in adult periodontitis after Feγ-receptor stimulation. J Clin Periodontol 1996; 23(1): 38-44.
• [17] Akalin FA, Toklu E, and Renda N. Analysis of superoxide dismutase activity levels in gingiva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32(3): 238-243.
• [18] Sculley DV and Langley-Evans SC. Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status. Proc Nutr Soc 2002; 61(1): 137143.
• [19] Kimura S, Yonemura T, and Kaya H. Increased oxidative product formation by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes in human periodontal diseases. J Periodont Res 1993; 28(3): 197-203.
• [20] Heitz-Mayfield L, Trombelli L, Heitz F, Needleman I, and Moles D. A systematic review of the effect of surgical debridement vs. non-surgical debridement for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29(3): 92-102.
• [21] Wei D, Zhang XL, Wang YZ, Yang CX, and Chen G. Lipid peroxidation levels, total oxidant status and superoxide dismutase in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy. Aust Dent J 2010; 55(1): 70-78.
• [22] Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 1999; 4(1): 1-6.
• [23] Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, Flemmig TF, Garcia R, Giannobile WV, and Graziani F. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and PeriImplant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol 2018; 89(1): 173-182.
• [24] Silness J and Löe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964; 22(1): 121-135.
• [25] Löe H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. J Periodontol 1967; 38(6): 610-616.
• [26] Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 694(1): 72-77.
• [27] Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, and Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28(2): 193-213.
• [28] Liu C, Mo L, Niu Y, Li X, Zhou X, and Xu X. The role of reactive oxygen species and autophagy in periodontitis and their potential linkage. Front Physiol 2017; 8(1): 439-452.
• [29] Cutando A, Gómez-Moreno G, Villalba J, Ferrera MJ, Escames G, and Acuña-Castroviejo D. Relationship between salivary melatonin levels and periodontal status in diabetic patients. J Pineal Res 2003; 35(4): 239-244.
• [30] Srinath R, Acharya AB, and Thakur SL. Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid melatonin in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2010; 81(2): 277-283.
• [31] Cutando A, Galindo P, Gómez-Moreno G, Arana C, Bolanos J, Acuña-Castroviejo D, and Wang HL. Relationship between salivary melatonin and severity of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2006; 77(9): 1533-1538.
• [32] Almughrabi O, Marzouk K, Hasanato R, and Shafik S. Melatonin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodont Res 2013; 48(3): 315-321.
• [33] Bertl K, Schoiber A, Haririan H, Laky M, Steiner I, Rausch W, Andrukhov O, and Rausch-Fan X. Non-surgical periodontal therapy influences salivary melatonin levels. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17(4): 1219-1225.
• [34] Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, and Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993; 64(1): 16-23.
• [35] Preber H and Bergstrom J. Cigarette smoking in patients referred for periodontal treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1986; 94(2): 102-108.
• [36] Page RC, Offenbacher S, Schroeder HE, Seymour GJ, and Kornman KS. Advances in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: summary of developments, clinical implications and future directions. Periodontol 2000 1997; 14(1): 216-248.
• [37] Rzepka-Migut B and Paprocka J. Melatonin-Measurement methods and the factors modifying the results. A systematic review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(6): 1916-1934.
• [38] Caffesse RG, Mota LF, and Morrison EC. The rationale for periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 1995; 9(1): 7-13.
• [39] Cobb CM. Non-surgical pocket therapy: mechanical. Ann Periodontol 1996; 1(1): 443-490.
• [40] Delatola C, Adonogianaki E, and Ioannidou E. Non-surgical and supportive periodontal therapy: predictors of compliance. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41(8): 791-796.
• [41] Cobb CM. Non-surgical pocket therapy: Mechanical. Ann Periodontol 1996; 1(1): 443-490.
• [42] Badersten A, Nilvéus R, and Egelberg J. Scores of plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing depth to predict probing attachment loss 5 years of observation following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 1990; 17(2): 102-107.
• [43] Ghallab N, Hamdy E, and Shaker O. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and melatonin levels in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Aust Dent J 2016; 61(1): 53-61.