Investigating the Moderating Role of Positive Intergroup Contact on the Association between Authoritarianism and Homophobia among Heterosexual Young Adults

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 60 - 72, 30.11.2022

Aleyna Şahin , Bekir Sarı , Bedel Güler , Sami Çoksan

https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1162897

Cited By: 1

Öz

Authoritarian personality traits are associated with compliance and obedience to prevailing social norms and values. In contexts where the political climate fuels homophobia, people with authoritarian personality traits display more homophobic attitudes and behaviors. On the other hand, positive intergroup contact can reduce problems between groups. This positive intergroup contact, which emphasizes similarities by weakening baseless information about the outgroup, has long been used to reduce intergroup conflicts. In a heterosexual sample, whether positive intergroup contact will have a moderating role in the relationship between authoritarianism and homophobia is an open question. To answer this question, 241 young adults (Mage = 22.0, SD = 2.04; 59.3% female, 40.7% male) from 47 different cities of Türkiye were reached. Participants completed the right-wing authoritarianism scale, the social contact form with sexual minorities, and the Hudson & Ricketts homophobia scale. In parallel with the hypotheses, the findings show that authoritarian personality score positively predicted homophobia (β = .49, SE = .05, z = 10.07, p < .001), while positive intergroup contact negatively predicted homophobia (β = -.66, SE = .08, z = -8.67, p < .001). However, contrary to the hypothesis, no moderating role of positive intergroup contact in the association between authoritarianism and homophobia was observed (β = -.03, SE = .05, z = -.53 p = .593). Simple slope analyzes showed that authoritarianism positively predicted homophobia at both high and low levels of positive intergroup contact. The findings are discussed in the context of intergroup contact theory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Authoritarianism, Homophobia, Intergroup Contact, LGBT, Young Adults

Heteroseksüel Genç Yetişkinler Arasında Otoriterlik ve Homofobi Arasındaki İlişkide Gruplar Arası Pozitif Temasın Düzenleyici Rolünün İncelenmesi

Öz

Yetkeci kişilik özellikleri hâkim toplumsal norm ve değerlere uyum ve itaat ile ilişkilidir. Politik iklimin homofobiyi körüklediği bağlamlarda yetkeci kişilik özelliği taşıyan kişiler daha fazla homofobik tutum ve davranış sergiler. Öte yandan olumlu gruplar arası temas, gruplar arasındaki problemleri azaltabilir. Dış gruba yönelik temelsiz bilgileri zayıflatarak benzerlikleri vurgulayan olumlu sosyal temas, uzun süredir gruplar arası çatışmaları azaltmak için kullanılmaktadır. Heteroseksüel bir örneklemde, yetkeciliğin homofobi ile ilişkisinde gruplar arası olumlu temasın düzenleyici bir rolünün olup olmayacağı ise cevap bekleyen bir sorudur. Bu soruyu yanıtlamak için bu araştırmada Türkiye'nin 47 farklı şehrinden 241 genç yetişkine (Ortyaş = 22.0, SS. = 2.04; %59.3 kadın, %40.7 erkek) erişilmiştir. Katılımcılar sağ kanat yetkeciliği ölçeği, cinsel azınlıklarla sosyal temas formu ve Hudson ve Ricketts homofobi ölçeğini doldurmuşlardır. Hipotezler ile paralel olarak bulgular otoriteryen kişilik puanının homofobiyi pozitif yönde (β = .49, SH. = .05, z = 10.07, p < .001), olumlu gruplar arası temasın ise homofobiyi negatif yönde (β = - .66, SH. = .08, z = -8.67, p < .001) yordadığı görülmüştür. Ancak hipotezin aksine, olumlu gruplar arası temasın yetkecilik ve homofobi arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici bir rolü gözlenmemiştir (β = -.03, SH = .05, z = -.53 p = .593). Basit eğim analizleri hem yüksek hem de düşük olumlu gruplar arası temas düzeyinde yetkeciliğin homofobiyi pozitif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Bulgular, gruplar arası temas kuramı bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Oteriterlik, Homofobi, Gruplar Arası Temas, LGBT, Genç Yetişkinler

Kaynakça

• Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Social identity and social cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
• Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press
• Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.
• Altemeyer, B. & Hunsberger, B. E. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
• Anderssen, N. (2002). Does contact with lesbians and gays lead to friendlier attitudes? A two year longitudinal study. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(2), 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.665
• Black, K. N. & Stevenson, M. R. (1984). The relationship of self-reported sex-role characteristics and attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1-2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v10n01_06
• Budak, S. (2019). Psikoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Çetiner, Ş. D. & Van Assche, J. (2021). Prejudice in Turkey and Belgium: The cross‐cultural comparison of correlations of right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation with sexism, homophobia, and racism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 21(1), 1167-1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12280
• Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2006). Perception of homosexuality among Turkish university students: The roles of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.146.3.293-305
• Çoksan, S. (2021). The effect of the content of intergroup contact and ingroup identification on support for social change among advantaged group members. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
• D’augelli, A. R. (2002). Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 433-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003010
• Detenber, B. H., Ho, S. S., Neo, R. L., Malik, S. & Cenite, M. (2013). Influence of value predispositions, interpersonal contact, and mediated exposure on public attitudes toward homosexuals in Singapore. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(3), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12006
• Dijker, A. J., & Koomen, W. (2007). Stigmatization, tolerance and repair: An integrative psychological analysis of responses to deviance. Cambridge University Press.
• Dürüst, Ç. & Çağlar, M. (2015). LGBTQ bireylerin sosyal ve bireysel yaşam algılarının değerlendirilmesi. Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counselling, 4(2), 33-48.
• Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). Social identity. Blackwell: Oxford.
• Eskin, M., Kaynak-Demir, H. & Demir, S. (2005). Same-sex sexual orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behavior in university students in Turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-1796-8
• Frederic, N. S., & Falomir-Pichastor, J. M. (2018). Heterogeneity of ingroup identity and anti-immigrant prejudice: The moderating role of RWA and outgroup homogeneity. International Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.152
• Garnets, L. D. & Kimmel, D. C. (2003). Psychological perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual experience. Columbia University Press.
• Güldü, Ö. (2011). Sağ kanat yetkeciliği ölçeği: Uyarlama çalışması (Right-wing authoritarianism scale: The adaptation study). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1501/sbeder_0000000033
• Güney, N., Kargı, E. & Çorbacı-Oruç, A. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinin eşcinsellik konusundaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal Of HIV/AIDS, 7(4), 131-137.
• Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P. & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1105–1118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1105
• Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis third edition: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
• Heiden-Rootes, K., Wiegand, A., Thomas, D., Moore, R. M. & Ross, K. A. (2020). A national survey on depression, internalized homophobia, college religiosity, and climate of acceptance on college campuses for sexual minority adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(4), 435-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1550329
• Herek, G. M. (1984). Beyond" homophobia": A social psychological perspective on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1-2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v10n01_01
• Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 451–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551476
• Herek, G. M. & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of my best friends": Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224007
• Herek, G. M., Kimmel, D. C., Amaro, H. & Melton, G. B. (1991). Avoiding heterosexist bias in psychological research. American Psychologist, 46(9), 957–963. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.9.957
• Herek, G. M. & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 30(3), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551707
• Hudson, W. W. & Ricketts, W. A. (1980). A strategy for the measurement of homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 5(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v05n04_02
• Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014. World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile Version: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp. Madrid: JD Systems Institute.
• Jordan, K. M. & Deluty, R. H. (1998). Coming out for lesbian women: Its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and social support. Journal of Homosexuality, 35(2), 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v35n02_03
• Kite, M. E. (1984). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1-2), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v10n01_05
• Kite, M. E. & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224002
• Lambert, E. G., Ventura, L. A., Hall, D. E. & Cluse-Tolar, T. (2006). College students' views on gay and lesbian issues: Does education make a difference?. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(4), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n04_01
• Lippa, R. & Arad, S. (1999). Gender, personality, and prejudice: The display of authoritarianism and social dominance in interviews with college men and women. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(4), 463–493. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2266
• Mahfir, A. & Parameswari, J. (2020). Influence of authoritarianism on transphobia, homophobia and sexism among law enforcers. Journal of Composition Theory, 13(3), 630-652. DOI:20.18001.AJCT.2020.V13I3.20.12272
• Metin-Orta, I. & Metin-Camgöz, S. (2020). Attachment style, openness to experience, and social contact as predictors of attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(4), 528-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1547562
• Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S. & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles, 59(7-8), 521-531. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7
• O’Brien, K. S., Shovelton, H. & Latner, J. D. (2013). Homophobia in physical education and sport: The role of physical/sporting identity and attributes, authoritarian aggression, and social dominance orientation. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 891-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.713107
• Obeid, S., Haddad, C., Salame, W., Kheir, N. & Hallit, S. (2020). Correlates of homophobic attitudes in Lebanon: Results of a cross-sectional study. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(6), 844–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1557954
• Okci, B. (2017). Cinsel yönelimin bağlanma stilleri, cinsel doyum ve psikopatoloji yönünden değerlendirilmesi [Unpublished master thesis]. Işık University.
• Öztürk, M. B. (2011). Sexual orientation discrimination: Exploring the experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual employees in Turkey. Human Relations, 64(8), 1099-1118. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0018726710396249
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65-85.
• Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
• Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/ejsp.504
• R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org. (R packages retrieved from MRAN snapshot 2022-01-01).
• Remafedi, G. (2002). Suicidality in a venue-based sample of young men who have sex with men. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(4), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00405-6
• Reyes, M. E. S., Ballesteros, K. C. A., Bandol, P. A. A., Jimenez, K. A. H. & Malangen, S. D. R. (2019). Religiosity, Gender role beliefs, and attitudes toward lesbians and gays in the philippines. North American Journal of Psychology, 21(3), 559-572.
• Rohrer, J. M., Hünermund, P., Arslan, R. C., & Elson, M. (2022). That’sa lot to PROCESS! Pitfalls of popular path models. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 5(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221095827
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.18637/jss.v048.i02
• Sakallı, N. & Uğurlu, O. (2002). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students' attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_03
• Sakallı, N. & Uğurlu, O. (2003). The effects of social contact with a lesbian person on the attitude change toward homosexuality in Turkey. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v44n01_06
• Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2006). Eşcinsellere ilişkin tutumlar: Türkiye’de yapılan görgül çalışmalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(17), 53-69.
• Sargın, N. & Cırcır, O. (2015). The attitudes of prospective teachers towards homosexuality: A case study in Konya. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2(1), 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2015.01.003
• Serbes, F. (2017). LGBT bireylerle sosyal temas biçimleri, otoriterlik, sosyal baskınlık yönelimi, ilişkisel benlik ve sistemi meşrulaştırmanın homofobiyle ilişkisinin incelenmesi [Unpublished master thesis]. İstanbul Arel University.
• Sezer, D. (2011). Muhafazakar demokratlar’ın açmazı: Toplumsal önyargıların kıskacında (LGBT’lerin) insan hakları. Kaos, G. L. ve Erol, A. (Ed), Anti-homofobi kitabı/3 uluslararası homofobi karşıtı buluşma (ss. 114-116). Ayrıntı Basımevi.
• Şah, U. (2012). Eşcinselliğe, biseksüelliğe ve transseksüelliğe ilişkin tanımlamaların homofobi ve LGBT bireylerle tanışıklık düzeyi ile ilişkisi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 32(2), 23-48.
• The Jamovi Project (2022). Jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.
• Uğurlu, O. (2013). Prejudice against homosexuality and locus of control. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-12.
• Walch, S. E., Orlosky, P. M., Sinkkanen, K. A. & Stevens, H. R. (2010). Demographic and social factors associated with homophobia and fear of AIDS in a community sample. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(2), 310-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903489135
• Walters, A. S. & Hayes, D. M. (1998). Homophobia within schools: Challenging the culturally sanctioned dismissal of gay students and colleagues. Journal of Homosexuality, 35(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v35n02_01
• Wang, J., Häusermann, M. & Ambresin, A. E. (2018). Mindfulness and other psycho-social resources protective against mental illness and suicidality among gay men. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 361. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00361
• Whitley Jr, B. E. & Lee, S. E. (2000). The relationship of authoritarianism and related constructs to attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 144-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02309.x
• Yalçın, M. (2019). Genç Yetişkinlerde Homofobi ile Anksiyete Düzeyleri ve Öfke İfade Tarzlarının Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi [Unpublished master thesis]. İstanbul Gelişim University.
• Yalçınoğlu, N. & Önal, A. E. (2014). Eşcinsel ve biseksüel erkeklerin içselleştirilmiş homofobi düzeyi ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 12(2), 100-112. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.51979