AR-GE Harcamaları ve İleri Teknoloji Mal İhracatı İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 47 - 60, 12.10.2014
Ahmet Şahbaz
Rüstem Yanar
,
Uğur Adıgüzel
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı 1996-2011 yıllarını kapsayan verilerle Türkiye ve 17 AB ülkesi için Ar-Ge harcamaları ile ileri teknoloji mal ihracatı arasındaki ilişkiyi panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizleri ile test etmektir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji mal ihracatı arasında çift yönlü Granger nedenselliğinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Başka bir ifade ile Ar-Ge harcamaları ileri teknoloji mal ihracatını arttırırken, ileri teknoloji mal ihracatı da AR-GE harcamalarını arttırmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Ağır, H., Kar, M. ve Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2011), “Do Remittances Matter for Financial Development in the MENA Region? Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, Empirical Economics Letters, 10 (5): 449-456.
Aiello, F. ve Cardamone, P. (2005), “R&D Spillovers and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Microdata”, Applied Economics Letter, 12 (10): 625–631.
Basile, R. (2001), “Export Behavior of Italian Manufacturing Firms over the Nineties: The Role of Innovation”, Research Policy, 30 (8): 1185–1201.
Braunerhjelm P. ve Thulin, P. (2008), “Can Countries Create Comparative Advantages? R&D Expenditures, High Tech Exports and Country Size in 19 OECD Countries, 1981–1999” International Economic Journal, 22 (1), 95–111.
Breitung, J., (2000), The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data. In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics 15: 161–177.
Choi, I. (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20 (2): 249–272.
Cohen, W. ve D. Levinthal, (1989), "Innovationand Learning: Two Faces of R&D," Economic Journal, 99 (397): 569-596.
Dumitrescu, E.-I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29 (4): 1450-1460.
Fagerberg, J. (1988), “International Competitiveness”, Economic Journal, 98 (391): 355-374
Fagerberg, J. (1994), “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates”, Journal of Economic Literature, 32, pp. 1147–75.
Fagerberg, J.(1995), “Is There a Large-Country Advantage in High-Tech?” Working Paper 526, Oslo, NUPI. Erişim: http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/InnoWP/archive/wpno526-1995.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
Franko, I. G. (1989), “Global Corporate Competition: Who’s Winning, Who’s Losing, and the R&D Factor as One Reason Why”, Strategic Management Journal, 10 (5): 449–474.
Furman, J.L., Porter, M. ve Scott, S. (2002), “The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity” . Research Policy, 31(6): 899– 933.
Gökmen Y. ve Turen U. (2013), “The Determinants of High Technology Exports Volume: A Panel Data Analysis of EU-15 Countries” International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(3): 217 –232.
Griffith,R., Redding, S. ve Reenen, J. V. (2004), “Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries” The Review of Economics and Statistics , 86 (4): 883-895.
Gruber, W., Metha, D. ve Vernon, R. (1967), “The R&D Factor in International Trade and International Investment of US Industries” Journal of Political Economy, 75 (1): 20-37
Hadri, K. (2000), “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panels”, Econometrics Journal, 3 (2): 148-161.
Harris, R. ve Moffat, J (2011). “R&D, Innovation and Exporting”, SERC Discussion Paper 73, Erişim: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33593/1/sercdp0073.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H. ve Shin, Y., (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115 (1): 53–74.
Landermann, M. ve Pfaffermayer, M. (1997), “Technological Competition and Trade Performance”, Applied Economics, 29 (2): 1979–1996.
Le, C. (1987), “The Role of R&D in High Technology Trade: An Empirical Analysis”. Atlantic Economic Journal, 15 (4): 32–77.
Levin, A., Lin, C. ve Chu, C.J., (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1): 1– 24.
Maddala, G.S. ve Wu, S. (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(Special Issue): 631-652.
Pedroni, P., (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 61(Special Issue): 653–670.
Pedroni, P., (2000), “Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics, 15: 93–130.
Pedroni, P., (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (4): 727-731.
Porter M.E. (1990), “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, Harvard Business Review, 68 (2): 73-93.
Romer, M. P., (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change” Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5): 71-102.
Salim R. A. ve Bloch, B., (2009), “Business expenditures on R&D and trade performances in Australia: is there a link?” Applied Economics, 2009, 41: 351–361.
Sara, T.S., Jackson, F.H. ve Upchurch, L.T. (2012), “Role of Innovation in Hi-Tech-Exports of a Nation”, International Journal of Business and Management, 7 (7): 85-93.
Seyoum B. (2004), “The Role of Factor Conditions in High-Technology Exports: An Empirical Examination” Journal of High Technology Management Research 15 (1): 145–162
Srholec, M. (2007), “High-Tech Exports from Developing Countries: A Symptom of Technology Spurts or Statistical Illusion?” Review of World Economics/WeltwirtschaftlichesArchiv, 143 (2): 227–255.
Tebaldi, E. (2011), “The Determinants of High-Technology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis” Atlantic Economic Journal, 39 (4): 343–353.
Worldbank, Databank (2013), World Development Indicators, Erişim: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world-development-indicators, 02.08.2013
Yoo S.H. (2008), “High-Technology Exports and Economic Output: An Empirical Investigation” Applied Economics Letters, 15 (7): 523-525.
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 47 - 60, 12.10.2014
Ahmet Şahbaz
Rüstem Yanar
,
Uğur Adıgüzel
Kaynakça
- Ağır, H., Kar, M. ve Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2011), “Do Remittances Matter for Financial Development in the MENA Region? Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, Empirical Economics Letters, 10 (5): 449-456.
Aiello, F. ve Cardamone, P. (2005), “R&D Spillovers and Productivity Growth: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Microdata”, Applied Economics Letter, 12 (10): 625–631.
Basile, R. (2001), “Export Behavior of Italian Manufacturing Firms over the Nineties: The Role of Innovation”, Research Policy, 30 (8): 1185–1201.
Braunerhjelm P. ve Thulin, P. (2008), “Can Countries Create Comparative Advantages? R&D Expenditures, High Tech Exports and Country Size in 19 OECD Countries, 1981–1999” International Economic Journal, 22 (1), 95–111.
Breitung, J., (2000), The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data. In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics 15: 161–177.
Choi, I. (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20 (2): 249–272.
Cohen, W. ve D. Levinthal, (1989), "Innovationand Learning: Two Faces of R&D," Economic Journal, 99 (397): 569-596.
Dumitrescu, E.-I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29 (4): 1450-1460.
Fagerberg, J. (1988), “International Competitiveness”, Economic Journal, 98 (391): 355-374
Fagerberg, J. (1994), “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates”, Journal of Economic Literature, 32, pp. 1147–75.
Fagerberg, J.(1995), “Is There a Large-Country Advantage in High-Tech?” Working Paper 526, Oslo, NUPI. Erişim: http://www.sv.uio.no/tik/InnoWP/archive/wpno526-1995.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
Franko, I. G. (1989), “Global Corporate Competition: Who’s Winning, Who’s Losing, and the R&D Factor as One Reason Why”, Strategic Management Journal, 10 (5): 449–474.
Furman, J.L., Porter, M. ve Scott, S. (2002), “The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity” . Research Policy, 31(6): 899– 933.
Gökmen Y. ve Turen U. (2013), “The Determinants of High Technology Exports Volume: A Panel Data Analysis of EU-15 Countries” International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 2(3): 217 –232.
Griffith,R., Redding, S. ve Reenen, J. V. (2004), “Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries” The Review of Economics and Statistics , 86 (4): 883-895.
Gruber, W., Metha, D. ve Vernon, R. (1967), “The R&D Factor in International Trade and International Investment of US Industries” Journal of Political Economy, 75 (1): 20-37
Hadri, K. (2000), “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panels”, Econometrics Journal, 3 (2): 148-161.
Harris, R. ve Moffat, J (2011). “R&D, Innovation and Exporting”, SERC Discussion Paper 73, Erişim: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33593/1/sercdp0073.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2014.
Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H. ve Shin, Y., (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115 (1): 53–74.
Landermann, M. ve Pfaffermayer, M. (1997), “Technological Competition and Trade Performance”, Applied Economics, 29 (2): 1979–1996.
Le, C. (1987), “The Role of R&D in High Technology Trade: An Empirical Analysis”. Atlantic Economic Journal, 15 (4): 32–77.
Levin, A., Lin, C. ve Chu, C.J., (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1): 1– 24.
Maddala, G.S. ve Wu, S. (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(Special Issue): 631-652.
Pedroni, P., (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 61(Special Issue): 653–670.
Pedroni, P., (2000), “Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics, 15: 93–130.
Pedroni, P., (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83 (4): 727-731.
Porter M.E. (1990), “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, Harvard Business Review, 68 (2): 73-93.
Romer, M. P., (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change” Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5): 71-102.
Salim R. A. ve Bloch, B., (2009), “Business expenditures on R&D and trade performances in Australia: is there a link?” Applied Economics, 2009, 41: 351–361.
Sara, T.S., Jackson, F.H. ve Upchurch, L.T. (2012), “Role of Innovation in Hi-Tech-Exports of a Nation”, International Journal of Business and Management, 7 (7): 85-93.
Seyoum B. (2004), “The Role of Factor Conditions in High-Technology Exports: An Empirical Examination” Journal of High Technology Management Research 15 (1): 145–162
Srholec, M. (2007), “High-Tech Exports from Developing Countries: A Symptom of Technology Spurts or Statistical Illusion?” Review of World Economics/WeltwirtschaftlichesArchiv, 143 (2): 227–255.
Tebaldi, E. (2011), “The Determinants of High-Technology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis” Atlantic Economic Journal, 39 (4): 343–353.
Worldbank, Databank (2013), World Development Indicators, Erişim: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world-development-indicators, 02.08.2013
Yoo S.H. (2008), “High-Technology Exports and Economic Output: An Empirical Investigation” Applied Economics Letters, 15 (7): 523-525.