Yeni Ahit İle İznik Öncesi Ve Sonrası Kilise Babalarında İsa Mesih’in Taklidi Ve Örnekliği Meselesi

Yıl 2022, , 863 - 898, 30.09.2022

Zekiye Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1124275

Öz

Geçmişten günümüze Hıristiyanlığın en önemli figürü şüphesiz İsa Mesih’tir. Çünkü Hıristiyanların nezdinde o, “ilâhî ve insanî tabiata sahip bir şahsiyet olarak her iki yönüyle taklit edilmesi veya örnek alınması” gereken birisidir. İsa kendisinin taklit edilmesinden söz etmemiş, ancak günümüz Hıristiyanlığının mimarı Pavlus “Mesih'i taklit ettiğim gibi, siz de beni taklit edin” diyerek İsa Mesih’in taklidinden bahseden ilk kişi olmuştur. O, Mesih’in taklidi (imitatio Christi) anlayışını içinde yetiştiği Eski Ahit, Yahudilik, Helenizm ve Gnostisizm gibi birçok din ve kültürden etkilenerek oluşturmuştur. Pavlus’un, bu konudaki söylemleri, onun “enkarnasyon” ve “kurtuluş” anlayışıyla da ilişkilendirilerek Kilise Babaları ve sonraki Hıristiyanlar tarafından tartışılmış ve tartışılmaya devam etmektedir. Hıristiyan dünyasında yüzlerce yıldır yazılan ve tartışılan bu konuyla ilgili ülkemizde herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle Mesih’in taklidi anlayışı; köken, kavramsal çerçeve, Yeni Ahit ve Kilise Babaları bağlamında ele alınarak konunun Hıristiyan dünyasındaki önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Enkarnasyon, Grek Babalar, Imitatio Christi, Kutsal Kitap, Pavlus.

The Issue of Imitation and Example of Jesus Christ in the New Testament and in the Church Fathers before and after Nicaea

Öz

The most important figure of Christianity from the past to the present is undoubtedly Jesus Christ. Because, in the eyes of Christians, he has a personality that should be “imitated or taken as an example” with his divine and human aspects. Jesus did not talk about imitating himself, but Paul, the architect of today's Christianity, was the first to talk about the imitation of Jesus Christ, saying, “Imitate me, as I imitated Christ.” He formed the understanding of imitatio Christi by being influenced by many religions and cultures such as the Old Testament, Judaism, Hellenism and Gnosticism in which he grew up. Paul’s discourses on this subject have been discussed and continue to be discussed by the Church Fathers and later Christians by being associated with his understanding of “incarnation” and “salvation”. There is no study in our country on this subject, which has been written and discussed in the Christian world for hundreds of years. Therefore, the understanding of imitation of Christ; The origin, conceptual framework, New Testament and Church Fathers will be discussed and the importance of the subject in the Christian world will be tried to be revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religions, Incarnation, Greek Fathers, Imitatio Christi, Bible, Paul.

Kaynakça

• Adıbelli, Ramazan. “Doğu Hıristiyanlarının Bugünkü Durumuna Genel Bir Bakış”. Milel ve Nihal: İnanç, Kültür ve Mitoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 10/2 (2013), 133-172.
• Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2011.
• Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Pelagianizm’in Tarihi ve Öğretileri”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (2010), 175-196.
• Baş, Bilal. “Hıristiyan Manastırcılığının Doğuşu”. M.Ü. İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 44/1 (2013), 183-204.
• Bauer, Walter. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. ed. Frederick William Danker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021.
• Billy, Dennis J. The Imitation of Christ Thomas à Kempis: A Spiritual Commentary and Reader’s Guide. Notre Dame: Ave Maria Press, 2005.
• Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo: A Biography. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000.
• Bultmann, Rudolf. Theology of the New Testament. çev. Kendrick Grobel. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951.
• Clement of Alexandria. Stromateis-Books One to Three. çev. John Ferguson. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2005.
• Constable, Giles. Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought: The Interpretation of Mary and Martha, the Ideal of the Imitation of Christ, the Orders of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Eliade, Mircea. Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return. çev. Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper- Brothers, 1954.
• Esposito, Paul W. English Majority Text Version of the New Testament. s.l.: s.n., 2014.
• Field, Lester L. Gerhart Ladner and The Idea of Reform: A Modern Historian’s Quest for Ancient and Medieval Truth. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2015.
• Fornarik, Giuseppe. Dionysus, Christ, and the Death of God-2: Christianity and Modernity. Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 2020.
• Gündüz, Şinasi. Pavlus Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı. İstanbul: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2004.
• Halliwell, Stephen. The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
• Heath, Peter - J.B. Schneewind (ed.). Immanuel Kant: Lectures on Ethics. çev. Peter Heath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
• Heine, Ronald E. Gregory of Nyssa’s Treatise on the Inscriptions of the Psalms. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
• Henry Chadwick- J. E. L. Oulton. Alexandrian Christianity: Selected Translations of Clement and Origen. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.
• Irenaeus of Lyons. Adversus Haereses (Latin and Greek). ed. W. Wigan Harvey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1857.
• Jaeger, Werner. Two Rediscovered Works of Ancient Christian Literatüre: Gregory of Nyssa and Macarius. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965.
• Kabaağaç, Sina - Alova, Erdal. Latince-Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 1995.
• Kittel, G. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. ed. Kittel-Friedrich Gerhard -Gerhard. 2 Cilt. UK: Paternoster Press, 1985.
• Kutsal Kitap: Tevrat, Zebur, İncil. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi - Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2013.
• Ladner, Gerhart Burian. Ad Imaginem Dei: The Image of Man in Mediaeval Art. Latrobe: Archabbey Press, 1965.
• Ladner, Gerhart Burian. The Idea of Reform: Its Impact on Christian Thought and Action in the Age of the Fathers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
• Laird, Martin. Gregory of Nyssa and the Grasp of Faith: Union, Knowledge, and Divine Presence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
• Luschnig, C.A.E. An Introduction to Ancient Greek: A Literary Approach. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2. Basım, 2007.
• Mellink, A.O. Death as Eschaton: A Study of Ignatius of Antioch’s Desire for Death. s.l.: Self-publ., 2000.
• Michaelis, W. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. ed. Kittel Gerhard - Friedrich Gerhard. 2 Cilt. UK: Paternoster Press, 1985.
• Murphy, Edwina - Helmer etc., Christine. The Bishop and the Apostle: Cyprian’s Pastoral Exegesis of Paul. Boston: De Gruyter, 2018.
• Norton. A Textual History of the King James Bible. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Ong, Walter J. “‘Mimesis and the Following of Christ’”. Religion & Literature 26/2 (Summer 1994), 73-77.
• Origen. Contra Celsum. çev. Henry Chadwick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
• Osborn, Eric. Clement of Alexandria. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Osborn, Eric. Ethical Patterns in Early Christian Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
• Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. After Jesus: The Triumph of Christianity. USA: Reader’s Digest, 1992.
• Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan. The ChristianTradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. 2 Cilt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
• Rahner, Karl. Practice of Faith: A Handbook of Contemporary Spirituality. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1983.
• Rebecca Adams-René Girard. “Violence, Difference, Sacrifice: A Conversation with René Girard”. Religion & Literature 25/2 (Summer 1993), 9-33.
• Simpson, D.P. Cassell’s Latin-English English-Latin Dictionary. London: Cassell, 1979.
• Sönmez, Zekiye. “Roma Din Anlayışı Bağlamında Hıristiyanların Ateistlikle Suçlanması ve Hıristiyan Apologların Karşı Cevapları”. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/2 (30 Haziran 2020), 1902-1935. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.734014
• Teske, Roland J. Augustine of Hippo: Philosopher, Exegete and Theologian. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2009.
• New King James Version Holy Bible. çev. Thomas Nelson. Burgundy: Nelson Bibles, 2006.
• Vall, Gregory. Learning Christ: Ignatius of Antioch and the Mystery of Redemption. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2013.
• Walz, Robert. Vorbereitung auf das Martyrium bei Cyprian von Karthago: Eine Studie zu Ad Fortunatum. Frankfurt: Peter Lang GmbH, 2013.
• Ward, Graham. Christ and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publ, 2005.
• Zahnd, Brian. Unconditional:The Call of Jesus to Radical Forgiveness. Florida: Charisma House, 2010.
• “Chapter 3 - Patristic Bible Commentary”. Erişim 26 Mayıs 2022. https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/home/2-thessalonians/st-john-chrysostom-on-2- thessalonians/chapter-1/chapter-2/chapter-3
• “Chapter 5 - Patristic Bible Commentary”. Erişim 28 Mayıs 2022. https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/home/ephesians/st-john-chrysostom-on- ephesians/chapter-1/chapter-2/chapter-3/chapter-4/chapter-5
• “Chapter 11 - Patristic Bible Commentary”. Erişim 26 Mayıs 2022. https://sites.google.com/site/aquinasstudybible/home/1-corinthians/st-john-chrysostom-on-1- corinthians/chapter-1/chapter-2/chapter-3/chapter-4/chapter-5/chapter-6/chapter-7/chapter-8/chapter-9/chapter-10/chapter-11
• “Semana Santa (Holy Week) | Center for Latin American Studies”. Erişim 17 Ağustos 2022. https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/clas/content/semana-santa-holy-week
• The Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Crossway: Crossway Bibles, 2011.