8.Yüzyıl Avrupasında Hristiyan Din Adamlarına Talimatlar (Karolı Magnı Capıtulare Prımum Örneği)

Yıl 2023, , 121 - 156, 31.03.2023

Özlem Genç

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1199848

Öz

Orta Çağ Avrupası Hristiyanlığın en yoğun yaşandığı yerlerden biridir. Batı Roma`nın yıkılışından yaklaşık 10. yüzyıla kadar süren erken dönemde, geç döneme benzer bir dini cemaat yapılanması yoktur. Bunun yerine dindar halkı yönlendiren yerel din adamları vardır. Onların kontrolünü sağlayanlar ise bağlı bulundukları piskoposlardır. Bu piskoposlar ya da sivil yöneticilerin kendi bölgelerindeki din adamlarına talimat iletme yollarından biri capitularia denen kararnamelerdir. Bunlar aynı zamanda her iki tarafın katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen meclislerde alınan kararlardır. Çalışmamıza konu ettiğimiz kararname ise son derece dindar bir Frank lider olan Şarlman`ın tahta çıktığında yayımladığı ilk kararnamedir ve din adamlarına talimatlar içermektedir. Bu talimatlar incelendiğinde din adamlarının özel hayatları, halen süren pagan gelenekler, piskopos onayı, din adamlarının yargılanmaları, verilen cezalar, denetlenmeleri, uzak durmaları gereken dünyevi aktiviteler gibi pek çok konuda değerli bilgiler edinilmektedir. Ayrıca din adamlarının çok çeşitli görev ve sorumlulukları olduğu, bahsi geçen dönemin hem dini hem sivil hayatında çok etkili oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi, Karoli Magni Capitulare Primum, Hristiyanlık, Din Adamları, 8. Yüzyıl

In 8th Century Europe Instructions To Christian Religious Men (Sample Of Karoli Magni Capitulare Primum)

Öz

Medieval Europe was one of the places where Christianity was most intense. In the early period, which lasted from the fall of Western Rome to about the 10th century, there was no religious community structure similar to the late period. Instead, there are local clergy who lead the religious people. Those who control them are their bishops. One of the ways in which these bishops or civil rulers conveyed instructions to the clergy in their districts was through statutes called capitularia. These are also decisions taken in assemblies with the participation of both parties. The capitulary, which is the subject of our study, is the first law published by Charlemagne, a very religious Frankish leader when he ascended the throne and contains instructions to the clergy. When these instructions are examined, valuable information is obtained on many issues, such as the private lives of the clergy, pagan traditions that continue, the approval of the bishop, the trial of the clergy, the punishments are given, their supervision, and the worldly activities that they should stay away from. In addition, it is understood that the clergy had a wide variety of duties and responsibilities and were very influential in the religious and civil life of the mentioned period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Medieval European History, Karoli Magni Capitulare Primum, Christianity, Religious Men, 8th Century

Kaynakça

• Addis, William E.- Arnold, Thomas. A Catholic Dictionary. London: Kegan Paul, 1884. Amt, Emilie. Women`s Lives in Medieval Europe. Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
• Armstrong, Regis. The Lady. NewYork: New City Press,2006.
• Baluze, S. (ed.). MGH, Cap. Reg, Fran. I, Paris: Quillau, 1780.
• Baluze, S. (ed.), “Capitulare Octavum 803”, MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Paris: Parisiensis Typograhus, 1677.
• Barber,Darren Elliot. The Heirs of Alcuin: Education and Clerical Advancement in Ninth-Century Carolingian Europe. Leeds: The University of Leeds, Doktora Tezi, 2019.
• Barrow, Julia. The Clergy in the Medieval World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Biblia Sacra. Erişim 01.08.2021 https://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/vulgate.pdf
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Admonitio Generalis”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Capitulare Aquisgranense”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Capitulare de Causis Diversis”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Capitulare Mantuanum Primum, Mere Ecclesiasticum”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Capitulare Missorum Generale”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Clotharii II. Edictum”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Concilium Vernense”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Duplex Legationis Edictum”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Karlmanni Principis Capitulare”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Karoli Magni Capitulare Primum”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius, Alfredus (ed.). “Pippini Principis Capitulare Suessionense”. MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Boretius,Alfredus. (ed.). “Pippini Regis Capitulare 13”.MGH, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1883.
• Brooke, C. N. L. “Gregorian Reform in Action: Clerical Marriage in England, 1050-1200”. The Cambridge Historical Journal 12/1 (1956), 1-21. https://10.1017/s1474691300000305.
• Carroll, John. On Guilt The Force Shaping Character, History and Culture. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
• Chazelle, Celia. “The Eucharist in Early Medieval Europe”. A Componion to the Eucharist in the Middle Ages. ed. I. C. Levy vd. 205-249. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
• Dalar, Mehmet. “Uluslararası Hukukta “Haklı Savaş” Doktrini”, Muhafazakâr Düşünce 4/15, (Kış 2008), 231-249.
• De Coulanges, Fustel. “De la congection des lois au temps des Carolingiens”, Revue Historique 3/1, (1877), 3- 30.
• Dümmler, E. (ed.). “Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Epistolae 6”, MGH Epp. IV. Berlin: Weidmann, 1895.
• Dümmler, E. (ed.). “Codex Carolinus 88”, MGH Epp. III. Berlin: Weidmann, 1892.
• Ereker, Fulya. “İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler 1/3, (Güz 2004), 1-36.
• Fein, Susanna Greer (ed.). “Art. 106, Um doit plus volentiers juner le vendredy”. The Complete Harley 2253 Manuscripts. Erişim 22.07.2022. https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/fein-harley2253-volume-3-article- 106
• Fouracre, Paul. “Eternal Light and Earthly Needs”.Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages. ed. W. Davies, P. Fouracre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Friedberg, Aemilius. (ed.).Corpus Iuris Canonici II. Leipzig: Officina Bernhardi Tauchnitz, 1881.
• Friend, Nicholas Edward.Holy Warriors and Bellicose Bishops: The Church and Warfare in Early Medieval
• Germany. California: San Jose State University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2015.
• Ganshof, François L. “The Impact of Charlemagne on the Institutions of the Frankish Realm”. Speculum 40/1 (1965), 47-62.
• Genç, Özlem. Orta Çağ`ın İlk Laik Biyografisi, Einhard Vita Karoli Magni. Ankara:Gece Kitaplığı, 2016.
• Genç, Özlem. Erken Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda Hayat. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2021.
• Genç, Ozlem. “IX.Yüzyılın Önemli Bilginlerinden Lyonlu Diyakoz Florus ve Liber de Electionibus Episcoporum Işığında Orta Çağ Piskopos Seçimleri”.Studies of the Ottoman Domain 3/5 (2013), 18-34.
• Genç, Ozlem. Birleşik Avrupa`nın Mimarı Şarlman ve Karolenj Rönesansı. İstanbul: Lotus Yayınevi, 2013.
• Goldberg, Eric. “Louis the Pious and the Hunt”. Speculum 88/3 (2013), 613-643.
• Goldberg, Eric. In the Manner of the Franks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020.
• Halfold, Gregory I. Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
• Hen, Yitzhak. “The Recycling of Liturgy under Pippin III and Charlemagne”. Medieval Manuscripts in Transition. ed. G. H. M. Claassens vd. 149-160. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2006.
• Hinschius, Paul. System Des Katholischen Kirchenrechts mit Besonderer Rücksicht auf Deutschland. Berlin: Verlag, 1888.
• Holt, Andrew. Medieval Masculinity and The Crusades : The Clerical Creation of a New Warrior Identity. Florida: University of Florida, Doktora Tezi, 2013.
• Katz, Richard S. Democracy and Elections. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Kikuchi, Shigeto. “Carolingian Capitularies as Texts: Significance of Texts in The Government of The Frankish Kingdom Especially under Charlemagne”. Configuration de texte en histoire. ed. Osamu Kano, 67-80. Nagoya, 2012. https://www.gcoe.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp/eng/result/pdf/205-216_KIKUCHI.pdf
• Leclere, Sophie. Sexe, normes et transgressions. Controler les pratiques sexuelles et matrimoniales a l`epoque carolingienne (740-840). Brüksel: Histoire de l`Art et Archeolgie, Doktora Tezi, 2016-7.
• Lot, Ferdinand. “Le Premier Capitulaire de Charlemagne”, Ecole pratique des hautes etudes, Section des sciences historiques et philologiques. (1924), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.3406/ephe.1924.2987
• Lucas, Veronika. “Beobachtungen zum sog. Capitulare primum Karls d. gr. in der Sammlung des Benedictus Levita”. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Erişim 13.07.2022. www.http://benedictus.mgh.de/studien/lukas/Capitprimum.pdf
• Maassen, Fridericus (ed.). “Concilia Parisiense”. MGH, Conc. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1893.
• Maassen, Fridericus (ed.). “Concilium Aurelianense”. MGH, Conc. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1893.
• Maassen, Fridericus (ed.). “Concilium Epaonense”. MGH, Conc. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1893.
• McElroy, Francis L. The Privileges of Bishops. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1951.
• McKitterick, Rosamond. Charlemagne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Mombert, Jacob Isidor.A History of Charles the Great. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1888.
• Paxton, Frederick S. Christianizing Death. New York: Cornell University Press, 1990.
• Pearse, Roger. Acts of the Council of Carthage 397 AD (Incorporating the Acts of the Council of Hippo
• 393AD, 2022. https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Acts-of-the-Council- of-Carthage-397-and-Council-of-Hippo-393-V1-2022.pdf
• Perels, E. (ed.). “Lupi Abbatis Ferrariensis Epistolae 78”, MGH Epp. VI. Berlin: Weidmann, 1925.
• Pertz, Georgius Heinricus (ed.). “Capitulare Generale”. MGH LL, Cap. Reg. Fran. I. Hanover: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1835.
• Porter, H. B. “The Origin of the Medieval Rite for Anointing the Sick or Dying”. The Journal of Theological Studies New Series 7/2, (1956), 211-225.
• Pössel, Christina. “Authors and Recipients of Carolingian Capitularies, 779-829”. Texts and Identities in the Early Middle Ages. ed. R. Corradini vd. 253-274. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der wissenschaften, 2004.
• Resnick, Irven M. “Marriage in Medieval Culture: Consent Theory and The Case of Joseph and Mary”. Church History 69/2, (2000), 350-371.
• Ricardi, Luca. “An Outline of Vatican Diplomacy in the Early Modern Age”. Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy.ed.D. Frigo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Robertson, James C. History of Christian Church III. New York: Pott, Young and Co., 1874.
• Robinson, I.S. “Church and Papacy”. The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought. ed. J. H. Burns. 252-305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• Sarti, Laury. “The Military, the clergy and Christian faith in sixth-century Gaul”.Early Medieval Europe 25/2, (2017), 162-185.
• Savage, Henry L. “Hunting in the Middle Ages”.Speculum 8/1 (January 1933), 30-41.
• Schaefer, Francis. “Capitularies”. The Catholic Encyclopedia. III/310-311. New York: Robert Appleton Com., 1908.
• Smets, An - Van den Abeele, Baudouin. “Medieval Hunting”. A Cultural History of Animals in the Medieval Age. ed. Brigitte Resl. Oxford: Berg, 2007.
• Stone, Rachel. “Gender and hierarchy: Arcbishop Hincmar of Rheims (845-882) as a religious man”. Religious Men and Masculine Identity in the Middle Ages. ed. P. H. Cullum vd. 28-45. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013.
• Story, Marek. “Polowania Duchownych W Swietle Sredniowiecznyc Ksiag Pokutnych”.Kosciol I Prawo 10/23 (2021), 239-251.
• Thibodeaux, Jennifer D. “The defence of clerical marriage: Religious identity and masculinity in the writings of Anglo-Norman clerics”. Religious Men and Masculine Identity in the Middle Ages. ed. P. H. Cullum vd. 46- 63. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013.
• Torres, Marcos. “Suitability for Priestly ministry in the Carolingian Reform”. Becoming a Priest. ed. S. A. Szuromi vd. 63-100. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2019.
• Tural, Murat. “Şarlman Zamanında Hristiyanlığın Yayılışı: Çifte Kılıç mı, Gönül Dili mi?”. History Studies 12/3, (Haziran 2020), 1217-1231.
• Tvedtnes, John A. “The Quick and the Dead”.Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989-2011 19/2 (2007), 215-237.
• Tvedtnes, John A. “Baptism for the Dead in Early Christianity”.The Temple in Time and Eternity. ed. D. W. Parry, S. D. Ricks. 55-78. Provo: FARMS, 1999.
• Van Houts, Elisabeth. Married Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Van Rhijn, Carine. Shepherds of the Lords: Priest and Episcopal Statutes in the Carolingian Period. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2007.
• Von Hefele, Karl Joseph. A History of the Councils of the Church IV. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1895.
• Webb, Diana. Medieval Pilgrimage. Hong Kong: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
• Welsh, Thomas. The Use of the Portable Altar: A Historical Synopsis and a Commenary. Washington: Catholic University Press, 1951.
• Werminghoff, Albertus (ed.). “Concilium Arelatense”. MGH, Con. 2.1. Hanover&Leipzig: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1906.
• Werminghoff, Albertus (ed.). “Concilium In Austrasia Habitum Q. D. Germanicum”. MGH, Con. 2.1. Hanover&Leipzig: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1906.