ÖTEKİNİN ÖTEKİSİ: HRİSTİYAN FEMİNİST DİNLER TEOLOJİLERİ

Yıl 2020, , 871 - 902, 30.09.2020

Esra Akay Dag

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.716799

Cited By: 2

Öz

Feminist teoloji ve dinler teolojisi yirminci yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış ve Hristiyan teolojisi içerisinde gelişmiş birbirinden farklı fakat aynı zamanda birbiriyle ilişkili teolojilerdir. Feminist teoloji, Hristiyan teolojisi içerisinde genel olarak Hristiyan geleneğinin ataerkil geçmişi, doktrinleri ve öğretilerini tarihsel ve toplumsal olarak ötekileştirilmiş kadın bakış açısıyla yeniden yorumlayan bir akademik disiplindir. Dinler teolojisi ise, yine Hristiyan teolojisi içerisinde bir akademik disiplin olup yirminci yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış Hristiyanlık dışındaki dinlerin hakikat söylemini ve bu dinlere inananların kurtuluşa erip eremeyeceğini inceler. Bu iki teoloji alanını buluşturan ortak nokta ise iki alanın da ötekilerle (biri dini öteki diğeri ise cinsiyet olarak öteki) ilgili teoriler üretmeleridir. Fakat feminist teolojide kadınlar öteki olarak özne iken dinler teolojisinde ötekiler nesne durumdadırlar, yani dinler teolojisi daha çok ötekine yaklaşımı betimleyici bir karaktere sahiptir.
Feminist dinler teolojisi ana damar olarak bilinen dinler teolojisindeki yaklaşımlara farklı bakış açıları sağlamıştır. Bu makalenin öncelik amacı feminist dinler teolojisini Türkçe okuyucuya tanıtmak ve bu teoloji içerisindeki çeşitliliği göstermektir. Burada feminist dinler teolojisi üç başlık altında kategorize edilmiş ve incelenmiştir; çoğulcu, çoğulculuk eleştirisi ve ötesi, post-kolonyalist. Öncü feminist teologların görüşleri her bir başlık altında ele alınmış ve bu kategorilerin öne çıkan yönlerinin gösterilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Kendi arasındaki çeşitliliğe rağmen, feminist dinler teolojisinin en ayırt edici yönü kadın tecrübesine dayanması ve bunu ön plana çıkarması olarak belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Feminist teoloji, dinler teolojisi, dini çeşitlilik, çoğulculuk, post-kolonyalizm

THE OTHER OF MARGINALIZED: CHRISTIAN FEMINIST THEOLOGIES OF RELIGIONS

Öz

Feminist theology and theology of religions have emerged in the twentieth century, and they have formed their distinct features independently; at the same time, they are somehow related. Feminist theology is an academic discipline within Christianity, which questions the patriarchal character of Christian history, Christianity’s dogmas and teaching from the view of women who have been marginalized historically and socially. Theology of religions, on the other hand, is a sub-discipline within Christian theology, questioning whether non-Christian religions contain religious truths that lead their believers to salvation. The common ground between these two forms of theologies is to theorize the concept of others, while in one form it is women in another the non-Christians. However, women are subject to feminist theology whilst non-Christians are seen as an object. Engaging with the theology of religions, feminist theology has provided a different view from the mainstream theologies. Taking their distinct contribution, the purpose of this article is to introduce the feminist theology of religions to Turkish readers. While doing so, feminist theology of religions has been examined in three different categories; pluralist, pluralist disputes and beyond, and post-colonialist. It is stated here that feminist theology’s particular contribution is that they bring the women experience in front.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Feminist theology, Theology of religions, Religious diversity, Pluralism, Post-colonialism

Kaynakça

• Ali, Kecia. “The Politics of Citation”. GenderAvenger. 31 Mayıs 2019. https://www.genderavenger.com/blog/politics-of-citation.
• Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.
• Clooney, Francis X. Comparative Theology: Deep Learning Across Religious Borders. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
• Daggers, Jenny. Postcolonial Theology of Religions: Particularity and Pluralism in World Christianity. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.
• Daggers, Jenny. “The Christian Past and Interreligious Future of Religious Studies and Theology” 7/4 (2010): 961-990.
• D’Costa, Gavin. The Meeting of Religions and the Trinity. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2000.
• Egnell, Helene. Other Voices: A Study of Christian Feminist Approaches to Religious Plurality East and West. Swedish Institute of Mission Research, 2006.
• Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. “Feminism: Syncretism, Symbiosis, Synergetic Dance”. Christian Approaches to Other Faiths. Ed. Alan Race - Paul Hedges. 136-154. London: SCM Press, 2008.
• Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. Monopoly on Salvation?: A Feminist Approach to Religious Pluralism. New York: Continuum, 2005.
• Fletcher, Jeannine Hill. “Shifting Identity: The Contribution of Feminist Thought to Theologies of Religious Pluralism”. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 19/2 (2003): 5-24.
• Fulkerson, Mary McClintock - Briggs, Sheila. The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Gross, Rita - Christ, Carol - Burford, Grace G. - Wadud, Amina - Chireau, Yvonne - Simmer-Brown, Judith - West, C. S’thembile - Goldenberg, Naomi R. - Shapiro, Susan E. “Roundtable: Feminist Theology and Religious Diversity: Feminist Theology: Religiously Diverse Neighborhood or Christian Ghetto?” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 16/2 (Fall 2000): 73-131.
• Gross, Rita M. “Feminist Theology as Theology of Religions”. Feminist Theology. 26 (2001): 83-101.
• Gutiérrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Liberation History, Politics, and Salvation. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1973.
• Hedges, Paul. Controversies in Interreligious Dialogue and the Theology of Religions. London: SCM Press, 2010.
• King, Ursula. Christ in All Things: Exploring Spirituality with Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. London: SCM Press, 1997.
• King, Ursula. “Feminism: The Missing Dimension in the Dialogue of Religions”. Pluralism and the Religions: The Theological and Political Dimensions. Ed. John D’Arcy May. 40-55. London: Cassell, 1998.
• King, Ursula - Beattie, Tina, ed. Gender, Religion, and Diversity: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. London ; New York: Continuum, 2005.
• Knitter, Paul F. Introducing Theologies of Religions. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 2002.
• Krolokke, Charlotte - Sorensen, Anne Scott. Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance. London: SAGE Publications, 2005.
• Kwok, Pui-lan. Introducing Asian Feminist Theology. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
• Kwok, Pui-lan. Postcolonial Imagination and Feminist Theology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005.
• Lamptey, Jerusha Tanner. Never Wholly Other: A Muslima Theology of Religious Pluralism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Lindbeck, George A. The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1984.
• McCarthy, Kate. Interfaith Encounters in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007.
• McCarthy, Kate. “Women’s Experience as a Hermeneutical Key to a Christian Theology of Religions”. Studies in Interreligious Dialogue 6/2 (1996): 163-173.
• Munro, Ealasaid. “Feminism: A Fourth Wave?”: Political Insight 4/2 (Ağustos 2013): 22-25.
• Race, Alan. Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in the Christian Theology of Religions. London: SCM Press, 1983.
• Rampton, Martha. “Four Waves of Feminism”. Pacific University. 31 Mayıs 2019. https://www.pacificu.edu/magazine/four-waves-feminism.
• Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “Feminism and Jewish-Christian Dialogue: Particularism and Universalism in the Search for Religious Truth”. The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions. Ed. John Hick - Paul F. Knitter. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1987.
• Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “The Emergence of Christian Feminist Theology”. The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology. Ed. Susan Frank Parsons. 3-22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Suchocki, Marjorie Hewitt. “In Search of Justice: Religious Pluralism from a Feminist Perspective”. The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions. Ed. John Hick - Paul F. Knitter. 149-162. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1987.
• Woodhead, Linda. “Spiritualising the Sacred: A Critique of Feminist Theology”. Modern Theology 13/2 (1997): 191-212.