THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF MUSLIMS IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES: ORIENTALISM - EVANGELISM STRUGGLE AND EMERGENCE OF SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN MADRASAS

Yıl 2020, , 1485 - 1514, 30.09.2020

Emre Yürük

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.758276

Cited By: 1

Öz

In this study, it has been tried to explain the troubled process of madrasa and madrasa education, which had a golden age and reached a certain institutionalism during the time of the Mughal Empire, with the arrival of the British into the Indian peninsula since the mid-18th century. In this context, the reasons and results of the reforms that the British made or tried to make in the field of orientalism and evangelism have been revealed. It is concluded that the Indian Muslims, who thought that reforms try to trivialise the teaching in madrasahs, have resorted school of thoughts in madrasahs by developing the reflex of “preserving the religion and culture of Islam”. The emergence of different schools destroyed the curriculum unity in madrasahs and created a gap in knowledge as well as differences of opinion among Muslim students graduated from madrasahs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Indian Subcontinent, Madrasa, Orientalism, Evangelism, Emergence of Schools of Thought

18. VE 19. YÜZYILLARDA HİNT ALTKITASINDA MÜSLÜMANLARIN EĞİTİM ÖĞRETİM MESELESİ: ORYANTALİZM – EVANJELİZM MÜCADELESİ VE MEDRESELERDE EKOLLEŞME

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Babür İmparatorluğu zamanında altın çağını yaşayan ve belli bir kurumsallığa ulaşan medrese ve medrese öğretiminin İngilizlerin Hint yarımadasına gelişiyle birlikte 18. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren girdiği sıkıntılı süreç izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda İngilizlerin oryantalizm ve evanjelizm ekseninde eğitim ve öğretimde yaptığı veya yapmaya çalıştığı reformların sebepleri ve sonuçları ortaya konmuştur. Reformların medreselerdeki öğretimi değersizleştirmeye çalıştığını düşünen Hint Müslümanları “İslâm dinini ve kültürünü koruma” refleksi geliştirip medreselerde ekolleşme yoluna gittiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Farklı ekollerin ortaya çıkması medreselerdeki müfredat birliğini yok etmiş ve medrese mezunu Müslüman öğrenciler arasında fikir ayrılıkları kadar bilgi uçurumu da meydana getirmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hint altkıtası, medrese, oryantalizm, evanjelizm, ekolleşme

Kaynakça

• Abul Fazl Allami, Ain-i Akbar. çev. Colonel H. S. Jarrett. 2 Cilt. Kalküta: Baptist Mission Press, 1891.
• Ahmad, Ashfaque. System of Education in Medieval India (1526-1761 A.D.). Yeni Delhi: Panchsheel Publications, 1987.
• Ahmad, Aziz. Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964. Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1967.
• Ahmad, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
• Ahmed, A. F. Salahuddin. Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal 1818-1835. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
• Ahmed, Ali Kodom. Madrasah Education in Assam and Its Impact on the Society - a Critical Study. Guwahati: Gauhati University, Faculty of Arts, Doktora Tezi, 2014.
• Alam, Arshad. Inside a Madrasa: Knowledge, Power and Islamic Identity in India. Yeni Delhi: Routledge, 2011.
• Bano, Masooda. “Beyond Politics: The Reality of a Deobandi Madrasa in Pakistan”. Journal of Islamic Studies. 18/1 (Ocak 2007): 43-68.
• Basu, Aparna. Essays in the History of Indian Education. Yeni Delhi: Concept, 1982.
• Birışık, Abdulhamit ve Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas. “Talim ve Terbiye: Hindistan ve Pakistan”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 39/538-542. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
• Birışık, Abdulhamit. “Hindistan’da İslâm Araştırmaları”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 18/94-101. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1998.
• Birışık, Abdulhamit. “Hint Altkıtasında İslâm Araştırmalarının Dünü Bugünü: Kurumlar, İlmî Faaliyetler, Şahıslar, Eserler”. Dîvân İlmî Araştırmalar Dergisi 17/2 (2004): 2-42.
• Birışık, Abdulhamit. “Medrese: Hint Altkıtasında Medrese”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 28/333-338. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003.
• Birışık, Abdulhamit. Hint Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2001.
• Bowen, H. V. the Business of Empire: the East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756-1833. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• Carnoy, Martin. Education as Cultural Imperialism. New York: Longman, 1977.
• Carson, Penelope. “An Imperial Dilemma: The Propagation of Christianity in Early Colonial India”. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History Volume 18/2 (1990), 169-190.
• Cutts, Elmer H. “The Background of Macaulay’s Minute”. The American Historical Review 58/4 (1953), 824-853.
• Eren, Halit. “Aligarh”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 2/460. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1989.
• Faruqi, Ziyaul Hasan. The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan. Bombay: Asia Publications, 1963.
• Franklin, Michael J. “William Jones”. Encyclopedia lranica (Erişim 15 Şubat 2020). www.iranicaonline.org
• Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. “Bentinck, Macaulay and the Introduction of English Education in India”. History of Education 24/1 (1995), 17-24.
• Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. History of Education in Medieval India, (1192-1757). Yeni Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2007.
• Gopal, Ram. Indian Muslims a Political History, 1858-1947. Bombay: Asia Publication House, 1964.
• Grant, Charles. Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great-Britain Particularly with Respect to Morals and on the Means of Improving It. 1792.
• Haque, Ziaul. “Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan”. Islamic Studies 14/4 (1975), 271-292.
• Hasan, Mushirul. “Aligarh’s “Notre Eminent Contemporain”: Assessing Syed Ahmad Khan’s Reformist Agenda”. Economic and Political Weekly 33/19 (1998), 1077-1081.
• Hasan, Tariq. the Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002. Yeni Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2014.
• Hunter, W.W. The Indian Musalmans. Londra: Trübner and Company, 1876.
• Hussain, S. M. Azizuddin (ed.). Madrasa Education in India: Eleventh to Twenty-first Century. Yeni Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, 2005.
• Iyer, Sriya. The Economics of Religion in India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.
• İzgi, Mahmut Cihat. “A Cultural Project of Control: The Foundation of Calcutta Madrassa and the Benares Sanskrit College in India”. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi 1/2 (2015), 91-102.
• Jaffar, S. M. Education in Muslim India: being an Inquiry into the State of Education During the Muslim Period of Indian History (1000-1800 A.C.). Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1972.
• Kaur, Kuldip. Madrasa Education in India (A Study of Its Past and Present). Chandigarh: Centre for Research in Rural & Industrial Development, 1990.
• Keith, Arthur Berriedale. A Constitutional History of India 1600 – 1935. Londra: Methuen and Co. 1936.
• Kopf, David. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: the Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1969.
• Law, Narendra Nath. Promotion of Learning in India by Early European Settlers up to about 1800 A.D. Londra: Longmans, Green and Co., 1915.
• Law, Narendra Nath. Promotion of Learning in India During Muammadan Rule. Londra: Longmans, Green and Co., 1916.
• Lelyveld, David. Aligarh’s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978.
• Mahmood, Syed. A History of English Education in India. Aligarh 1895.
• Malick, A. R. “British Educational Policy”. A History of the Freedom Movement. ed. Mahmud Husain. 2/194-229. Delhi: Renaissance Publications, 2004.
• Malik, Hafeez. Muslim Nationalism in India and Pakistan. Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1963.
• Mehta, J. L. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. 3 Cilt. Yeni Delhi: Sterling Publishings, 2018.
• Metcalf, Barbara D. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900. New Jersey: Princeton U.P., 1982.
• Muhammad, Shan. Successors of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan - Their Role in the Growth of Muslim Political Consciousness. Delhi: Idarath-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1981.
• Mujahid, Sharif Al. “Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Muslim Nationalism in India”. Islamic Studies 38/1 (1999), 87-101.
• Nair, Padmaja. the State and Madrasas in India. International Development Department, 2008.
• Nehru, Jawaharlal. the Discovery of India. Yeni Delhi: Oxford U.P., 1994.
• Özcan, Azmi. “Darülulûm”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 8/553-555. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1993.
• Özcan, Azmi. “Firengi Mahal”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 13/132-133. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996.
• Özcan, Azmi. “Nedvetü’l-Ulemâ”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 32/514-515. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2006.
• Pakdemirli, M. Nur ve Birışık, Abdulhamit. “Hint Altkıtası Geleneksel Öğretim Kurumlarında Yürütülen Din Eğitiminin Gelişim Sürecine Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 13/2 (2013), 87-115.
• Pakdemirli, M. Nur. “Hint Altkıtasında Dini Ekoller ve Din Eğitimi”. Ekev Akademi Dergisi 19/62 (2015), 425-454.
• Qasmi, Muhammadullah Khalili. Madrasa Education: Its Strength and Weakness. Yeni Delhi: Manak Publications, 2005.
• Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain. Education in Pakistan: An Inquiry Into Objectives and Achievements. Karachi: Maaref Press, 1975.
• Rahman, M. F. The Bengali Muslims and English Education (1765-1835). Dacca: Bengal Academy, 1973.
• Rawlinson, H. G. “Sir Saiyid Ahmad Khan”. Islamic Culture (1930), 4/386-396.
• Rizvi, Sayed Mahboob. Tareekh E Darul Uloom Deoband. Lahore: Almizan 2005.
• Said, Edward. Oryantalizm: Sömürgeciliğin Keşif Yolu. çev. Nezih Uzel. İstanbul: İrfan Yayımcılık, 1998.
• Sikand, Yoginder. “Reforming the Indian Madrassas: Contemporary Muslim Voices”. Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia, ed. Satu P. Limaye, vd.. 117-143. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004.
• Syed Nurullah ve Naik, J. P. A History of Indian Education (During the British Period). Kalküta: Macmillan & CO. LTD., 1951.
• Tangri, Shanti S. “Intellectuals and Society in Nineteenth-Century India”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 3/4 (1961, 368-394.
• Tariq, Adnan. “Indology and Indologist: Conceiving India during Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”. Journal of Indian Studies 5/1 (2019), 17 – 28.
• Thompson, Edward. The Other Side of the Medal. Londra: Hogarth Press, 1930.
• Viswanathan, Gauri. Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. New York: Columbia University, 1989.
• Wasti, Syed Tanvir. “Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the Turks”. Middle Eastern Studies 46/4 (2010), 529-542.
• Young, Robert J. C. “Sir William Jones and the Translation of Law in India”. Reading the Legal Case: Cross Currents between Law and the Humanities. ed. Marco Wan. 80-89. New York: Routledge, 2012.
• Zastoupil, Lynn ve Moir, Martin (ed.). The Great Indian Education Debate: Documents Relating to the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, 1781-1843. Londra: Curzon Press, 1999.
• https://mhrd.gov.in/fundamental_rights_article-30. (Erişim 20 Şubat 2020).