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TEOLOJİK-EPİSTEMOLOJİK BİR MESELE OLARAK KARL RAHNER’DA ATEİZM VE ATEİSTLERİN KURTULUŞUNUN İMKANI SORUSU

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 847 - 875, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.932024

Öz

Bu çalışma, dini kapsayıcılık yaklaşımının temsilcisi olarak bilinen Karl Rahner’ın kurtuluş teorisinin tüm yönleriyle anlaşılabilmesinin, onun ateizmi ve ateistlerin kurtuluşunun imkânı sorusunu, teolojik ve felsefi bir mesele olarak ele alışının incelenmesi ile mümkün olduğu iddiasına dayanmaktadır. Bu iddiaya dayalı olarak çalışma, Rahner’ın ateizme yaklaşımını ve ateistlerin kurtuluşu konusunu teolojik, varoluşsal ve epistemolojik bir mesele olarak değerlendirmesini incelemektedir. İlk olarak, daha çok teolojik olarak nitelendirilebilecek yönüyle, Rahner’ın modern çağın çoğulcu karakterinin bir unsuru olarak değerlendirdiği ve Hıristiyanlık karşısında bir tehdit olarak nitelendirdiği, sosyal bir fenomen olarak ateizm anlayışı ele alınmaktadır. Daha sonra Rahner’ın modern çağda Hıristiyanlığın karşılaştığı tehditlerle başa çıkma yollarından biri olarak geliştirdiği ve kurtuluş teorisinin özünü teşkil eden anonim Hıristiyanlık tanımlaması ile bu tanımlamanın altında yatan felsefi arka plan ortaya koyulmaktadır. Son olarak da Rahner’ın kurtuluş teorisinin zemininde yer alan kavramları kullanarak inşa ettiği epistemolojisini insan ve Tanrı arasındaki ilişki türlerinden biri olan ateizm anlayışına, yani varoluşsal ve epistemolojik bir kategori olarak ateizm yaklaşımına uygulamasını incelemekte; onun felsefi açıdan ateizmi ele alışını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Arıcan, Musa K. “Felsefi ve Teolojik bir Problem olarak Dini Çeşitlilik”. CÜİFD 15/1 (2011). 71-98.
  • Brown, Callum G. “The Twentieth Century”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse. 229-244. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Bullivant, Stephen. The Salvation of Atheists and Catholic Dogmatic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Carr, Anne. “Theology and Experience in the Thought of Karl Rahner”. The Journal of Religion 53/3 (1973), 359-376.
  • Conway, Eamon. The Anonymous Christian-a Relativised Christianity? An Evaluation of Hans Urs von Balthasar's Criticism of Karl Rahner's Theory of the Anonymous Christian,. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1993.
  • D’Costa, Gavin. “Karl Rahner’s Anonymous Christian – A Reappraisal”. Modern Theology 1/2 (1985), 131-148.
  • Fletcher, Jeannine H. “Rahner and Religious Diversity”, The Cambridge Companion to Karl Rahner. ed. Declan Marmion, Mary E. Hines. 235-248. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Güder, Süleyman. Kurtuluş Teolojisi ve Öze Dönüş: Hıristiyan ve İslami Perspektifler. İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay, 2021.
  • Kasper, Walter. The God of Jesus Christ. çev. Matthew J. O’Connell. New York: The Crossroad publishing Company, 1984.
  • Kilby, Karen. “Karl Rahner”. The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology Since 1918. ed. David Ford, Rachel Muers. 92-105. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • Kilby, Karen. “Rahner”, The Blackwell Companion to the Modern Theology, ed. Gareth Jones. 343-356. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • Pasquale, Frank L. - Kosmin, Barry A. “Atheism and the Secularization Thesis”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse. 451-467. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Race, Alan. Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in Christian Theology of Religions. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1983.
  • Rahner, K. “A Theologian’s Lot: Interview with K. H. Weger for Radio Austria Vienna (March 2, 1979)”, Karl Rahner in Dialogue: Conversations and Interviews 1965–1982. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 210-216. New York: Crossroad, 1986.
  • Rahner, K. “Anonymous Christians”. Theological Investigations 6. çev. Karl-H. and Boniface Kruger. 390-398. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1969.
  • Rahner, K. “Atheism and Implicit Christianity”. Theological Investigations 9. çev. Graham Harrison. 145-164. New York: The Seabury Press, 1973.
  • Rahner, K. “Atheists and Believers”. Faith in a Wintry Season: Conversations and Interviews with Karl Rahner in the Last Years of His Life. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 129-137. New York: Crossroad, 1990.
  • Rahner, K. “Christianity and non-Christian Religions”. Theological Investigations 5. çev. Karl H. Kruger. 115-134. London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd., 1966.
  • Rahner, K. “Christianity and World Religions”. The Content of Faith: The Best of Karl Rahner’s Theological Writings. ed. Karl Lehmann and Albert Raffelt. 51-55. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2000.
  • Rahner, K. “Church, Churches and Religions”. Theological Investigations 10. çev. David Bourke. 30-49. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1973.
  • Rahner, K. “Experiences of a Catholic Theologian”. Theological Studies 61 (2000), 3-15.
  • Rahner, K. Foundations of Christian Faith: an Introduction to the Idea of Christianity, çev. William V. Dych. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1992.
  • Rahner, K. “In Dialogue with Atheists”. Faith in a Wintry Season : Conversations and Interviews with Karl Rahner in the Last Years of His Life. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 125-128. New York: Crossroad, 1990.
  • Rahner, K. “Observations on the Problem of the Anonymous Christians”. Theological Investigations 14. çev. David Bourke. 280-294. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1976.
  • Rahner, K. “Revelation”. Sacramentum Mundi: an Encyclopedia of Theology 5. ed. Karl Rahner vd. 342-359. Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1969.
  • Rahner, K. “The Church and Atheism”. Theological Investigations 21. çev. Hugh M. Riley. 137-150. New York: The Crossroad Publishing, 1988.
  • Rahner, K. “The One Christ and the Universality of Salvation”. Theological Investigations 16. çev. David Morland. 199-224. London: Darton, Longman & Todd 1979.
  • Rahner, K. Trinity. çev. Joseph Donceel. New York: Herder and Herder, 1970.
  • Roy, Louis. “Rahner’s Epistemology and Its Implications for Theology”. Lonergan Workshop 22 (2011), 421-439.
  • Vatikan Arşivi. “Gaudium et Spes 19-21”. Erişim 1 Mart 2021. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

Atheism And The Question Of The Salvation Of Atheists As A TheologicalEpistemological Issue In Karl Rahner

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 847 - 875, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.932024

Öz

This study claims that the most comprehensive understanding of Karl Rahner’s religious inclusivism can be obtained through his approach to atheism as a theological and philosophical problem and through his views on the possibility of the salvation of atheists. Based on this claim, this study examines Rahner’s discussion of atheism and the question of the possibility of the salvation of atheists from theological, existential, and epistemological aspects. First, it discusses Rahner’s approach to atheism which he regards as a threat Christianity is faced by specifically in the modern era. Then, it analyses Rahner’s concept of anonymous Christianity, namely his theory of salvation with a focus on the philosophical and anthropological concepts he uses in the construction of this theory. Finally, it examines Rahner’s interpretation of atheism as one of the relationship forms between the human being and God and his application of his epistemological understanding in interpreting atheism.

Kaynakça

  • Arıcan, Musa K. “Felsefi ve Teolojik bir Problem olarak Dini Çeşitlilik”. CÜİFD 15/1 (2011). 71-98.
  • Brown, Callum G. “The Twentieth Century”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse. 229-244. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Bullivant, Stephen. The Salvation of Atheists and Catholic Dogmatic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Carr, Anne. “Theology and Experience in the Thought of Karl Rahner”. The Journal of Religion 53/3 (1973), 359-376.
  • Conway, Eamon. The Anonymous Christian-a Relativised Christianity? An Evaluation of Hans Urs von Balthasar's Criticism of Karl Rahner's Theory of the Anonymous Christian,. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1993.
  • D’Costa, Gavin. “Karl Rahner’s Anonymous Christian – A Reappraisal”. Modern Theology 1/2 (1985), 131-148.
  • Fletcher, Jeannine H. “Rahner and Religious Diversity”, The Cambridge Companion to Karl Rahner. ed. Declan Marmion, Mary E. Hines. 235-248. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Güder, Süleyman. Kurtuluş Teolojisi ve Öze Dönüş: Hıristiyan ve İslami Perspektifler. İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay, 2021.
  • Kasper, Walter. The God of Jesus Christ. çev. Matthew J. O’Connell. New York: The Crossroad publishing Company, 1984.
  • Kilby, Karen. “Karl Rahner”. The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology Since 1918. ed. David Ford, Rachel Muers. 92-105. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • Kilby, Karen. “Rahner”, The Blackwell Companion to the Modern Theology, ed. Gareth Jones. 343-356. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • Pasquale, Frank L. - Kosmin, Barry A. “Atheism and the Secularization Thesis”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. ed. Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse. 451-467. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Race, Alan. Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in Christian Theology of Religions. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1983.
  • Rahner, K. “A Theologian’s Lot: Interview with K. H. Weger for Radio Austria Vienna (March 2, 1979)”, Karl Rahner in Dialogue: Conversations and Interviews 1965–1982. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 210-216. New York: Crossroad, 1986.
  • Rahner, K. “Anonymous Christians”. Theological Investigations 6. çev. Karl-H. and Boniface Kruger. 390-398. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1969.
  • Rahner, K. “Atheism and Implicit Christianity”. Theological Investigations 9. çev. Graham Harrison. 145-164. New York: The Seabury Press, 1973.
  • Rahner, K. “Atheists and Believers”. Faith in a Wintry Season: Conversations and Interviews with Karl Rahner in the Last Years of His Life. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 129-137. New York: Crossroad, 1990.
  • Rahner, K. “Christianity and non-Christian Religions”. Theological Investigations 5. çev. Karl H. Kruger. 115-134. London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd., 1966.
  • Rahner, K. “Christianity and World Religions”. The Content of Faith: The Best of Karl Rahner’s Theological Writings. ed. Karl Lehmann and Albert Raffelt. 51-55. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2000.
  • Rahner, K. “Church, Churches and Religions”. Theological Investigations 10. çev. David Bourke. 30-49. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1973.
  • Rahner, K. “Experiences of a Catholic Theologian”. Theological Studies 61 (2000), 3-15.
  • Rahner, K. Foundations of Christian Faith: an Introduction to the Idea of Christianity, çev. William V. Dych. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1992.
  • Rahner, K. “In Dialogue with Atheists”. Faith in a Wintry Season : Conversations and Interviews with Karl Rahner in the Last Years of His Life. çev. & ed. H. Biallowons, H. D. Egan, P. Imhof. 125-128. New York: Crossroad, 1990.
  • Rahner, K. “Observations on the Problem of the Anonymous Christians”. Theological Investigations 14. çev. David Bourke. 280-294. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1976.
  • Rahner, K. “Revelation”. Sacramentum Mundi: an Encyclopedia of Theology 5. ed. Karl Rahner vd. 342-359. Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1969.
  • Rahner, K. “The Church and Atheism”. Theological Investigations 21. çev. Hugh M. Riley. 137-150. New York: The Crossroad Publishing, 1988.
  • Rahner, K. “The One Christ and the Universality of Salvation”. Theological Investigations 16. çev. David Morland. 199-224. London: Darton, Longman & Todd 1979.
  • Rahner, K. Trinity. çev. Joseph Donceel. New York: Herder and Herder, 1970.
  • Roy, Louis. “Rahner’s Epistemology and Its Implications for Theology”. Lonergan Workshop 22 (2011), 421-439.
  • Vatikan Arşivi. “Gaudium et Spes 19-21”. Erişim 1 Mart 2021. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sevcan Öztürk 0000-0001-5423-4986

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Öztürk, Sevcan. “TEOLOJİK-EPİSTEMOLOJİK BİR MESELE OLARAK KARL RAHNER’DA ATEİZM VE ATEİSTLERİN KURTULUŞUNUN İMKANI SORUSU”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 21/2 (Eylül 2021), 847-875. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.932024.