Sefer ha-Zohar ve Yahudi Literatüründeki Yeri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 359 - 382, 31.12.2019

Ravza Aydın

https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2019.30.2.0016

Öz

Sefer ha-Zohar Kabala literatürünün en önemli eseri olup Tevrat’ın bir tür batınî yorumudur. Mōşe de Leon başkanlığındaki bir grup Kabalacı’nın gayretiyle Orta Çağ’da (13. yüzyıl) ortaya çıkmış ve bu dönemin unsurlarını içeren bir eser olsa da köken itibariyle miladi 2. yüzyılda Filistin’de yaşamış Şimʿôn bar Yôḥay’a hatta Musa Peygamberin Sina Dağı’nda aldığı vahye kadar geriye götürülmektedir. Kadim bir eser olduğu vurgusundan ve üzerine yapılan tefsir çalışmalarından hareketle, Zohar, İbrani dinî yazınında bazı Kabalacı çevrelerde Tevrat ve Talmud statülerinde konumlandırılacak kadar bir değer kazanmıştır. Bu makalede Zohar’ın bir Orta Çağ ürünü olmasına rağmen nasıl zaman içinde bu nitelikleri kazandığı ve bazı Kabalacı çevrelerde Talmud’un ve Tevrat’ın statülerine denk bir eser hâlini aldığının izi sürülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kabala, Yahudi mistisizmi, Sefer ha-Zohar, Otorite, Kutsal, Kanon

Sefer ha-Zohar and its Place in Jewish Literature

Öz

Sefer ha-Zohar (The Book of Splendor) is one of the important works of Kabbalah literature and accepted as a kind of esoteric Midrash of Tora. It appeared in the Middle Ages (13th century) through the efforts of a number of Kabbalists under the presidency of Mōshe de Leon. The book includes many of the the characteristics of that period and is attributed to the tanna Shimʿôn bar Yôhai who lived in Palestine in the 2nd century. Moreover, the Zohar is dated back to the revelation on Mount Sinai. The Zohar has gained a worth equivalent to that of the Tora and Talmud within Jewish religious literature with regard to the emphasis on its antiquity and the exegetic works on it. In the present article, the main concern is to trace the Zohar’s process of being accepted as a work equivalent to the Tora and Talmud in some Kabbalist circles, despite it being a Medieval work.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kabbalah, Jewish Mysticism, Sefer ha-Zohar, ha-Zohar, Authority, Sacred, Canon

Kaynakça

• “Polonsky Foundation Digitalization Project.” Erişim 16 Kasım 2018. http://bav.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ digitized-items-hebrew-manuscripts
• Abelson, Joshua. Jewish Mysticism. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1913.
• Abelson, Joshua. Yahudi Mistisizmine Giriş: Kabbalah. Çeviren Cengiz Erengil, İstanbul: Ayna Yayınları, 2012.
• Abrams, Daniel. Kabbalistic Manuscripts and Textual Theory: Methodologies of Textual Scholarship and Editorial Practice in the Study of Jewish Mysticism. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 2010.
• Beltran, Miquel, “El Hombre,” El Zohar en la España Musulmana y Cristiana içinde, editör Ariel Bension, vii – lxxiii. Granada: MMX, 2010.
• Bension, Ariel. The Zohar in Moslem and Christian Spain. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1932.
• Berger, Kenneth E, “Kabbalistic Influences: The Seventeenth Century,” İçinde Tradition, Interpretation and Change: Developments Liturgy of Medieval and Early Modern Ashkenaz, 229—237. USA: Hebrew Union College Press, 2019.
• Besalel, Yusuf. “Zohar.” Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. III: 805–807. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2002.
• Block, Tom. Selam/Şalom: Gizemci Bir Kardeşliğin Öyküsü. Çeviren Levent Kartal. İstanbul: Bilim+Gönül Yayınları, 2010.
• Davies, Philip R, “The Nationalization of the Jewish Canon.” Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 21 (2010): 371–383.
• Delmedigo, Elijah ben Moses Abba. Sefer Behinat ha-Dat. Vienna: Gedruckt bey Anton Edlen v. Schmid, 1833.
• Dweck, Yaacob. The Scandal of Kabbalah: Leon Modena, Jewish Mysticism, Early Modern Venice. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
• Franck, Adolphe. The Kabbalah or The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews. Çeviren I. Sossnitz. New York: The Kabbalah Publishing Company, 1926.
• Giller, Pinchas. Reading the Zohar: The Sacred Text of the Kabbalah. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Goetschel, Roland. “Le ‘Zohar’ dans la Mystique Juive Sépharade.” İçinde Inquisition et Perennité, editör David Banon, 119–132. Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1992.
• Green, Arthur. A Guide to the Zohar. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
• Green, Arthur, “The Zohar: Jewish Mysticism in Medieval Spain,” İçinde Essential Papers on Kabbalah, editör Lawrence Fine, 27–67. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
• Greenspahn, Frederick E., ed., Jewish Mysticism and Kabbalah: New Insaights and Scholarship. New York: New York University Press, 2011.
• Gries, Ze’ev, “Beyn sefirot la-historiya: ha-kadmot la-diyun ve-‘iyun ba-şivhey Ba‘al Şem Tov,” Tura 3 (1994): 153–181.
• Halbertal, Moshe. People of the Book: Canon, Meaning, and Authority. Massachusetts: Harvard Univesity Press, 1997.
• Huss, Boaz. “Biur ha-milim ha-zarot şe ha-sefer ha-Zohar.” Kabbalah 1 (1996): 167–204.
• Huss, Boaz. “Makam kodeş, zıman kodeş, sefer kodeş: haşfa‘at sefer ha-Zohar ‘al minhagey ha-‘aliya leregel la-Meron ve-hagigot Lag ba-‘Omer.” Kabbalah 7 (2002): 237–256.
• Huss, Boaz. “Sefer ha-Zohar as a Canonical, Sacred and Holy Text.” The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 7 (1998): 257–307.
• Huss, Boaz. “The Anthological Interpretation: The Emergence of Anthologies of Zohar Commentaries in the Seventeenth Century.” Prooftexts 19, 1 (1999): 1–19.
• Huss, Boaz. The Zohar: Reception and Impact. Tercüme Yudith Nave. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2016.
• Huss, Boaz. “Translations of the Zohar: Historical Contexts and Ideological Frameworks.” Correspondences 4 (2016): 81–128.
• Idel, Moshe. “The Zohar as Exegesis.” Mysticism and Sacred Scripture içinde, editör Steven T. Katz, 87–101. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Idel, Moshe. Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
• Karr, Don. “Notes on the Zohar in English.” Erişim 16 Kasım 2018. http://www.digital-brilliance. com/kab/karr/zie.pdf (16.11.2018).
• Kiener, Ronald C. “The Image of Islam in the ‘Zohar’.” Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought 8 (1989): 43–65.
• Lachower, Fischel ve Isaiah Tishby. The Wisdom of the Zohar. Çeviren David Goldstein. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2008.
• Liebes, Yehuda. “ha-Zohar ke-ronesans.” Da’at: Kıtav-et la-filosofiya yehudit ve kabala 46 (2001): 5–11.
• Liebes, Yehuda. Studies in the Zohar. Çeviren Arnold Schwartz, Stephanie Nakache ve Penina Peli. Albany: State University of New York, 1993.
• Lim, Timothy H. The Formation of the Jewish Canon. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
• Matt, Daniel C. “New Ancient Words: The Aura of Secrecy in the Zohar.” İçinde Gershom Scholem’s Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, 50 Years After, editör Peter Schäfer ve Joseph Dan, 181–209. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1993.
• Matt, Daniel C. The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
• Meral, Yasin. “Yahudi Kutsal Metin Geleneğinde Tevrat’ın Batınî Yorumu.” Kur’an’ın Batınî ve İşarî Yorumu içinde, editör Mustafa Öztürk, 141–167. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları, 2018.
• Ḳaddārī, Menaḥem Ṣevi. “Kıtav ha-Yad ha-Rişôn şel ha-Zohar.” Tarbiz 27 (1957-1958): 265–277.
• Ross, Sir E. Denison. “Introduction.” İçinde The Zohar in Moslem and Christian Spain, Ariel Bension, xiii–xvii. London: George Routledge and Sons, LTD., 1932.
• Scholem, Gershom. “Zohar.” Encyclopedia Judaica, XVI: 1193–1215.
• Scholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. New York: New American Library, 1974.
• Scholem, Gershom. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (4. bsk.). New York: Schocken Books, 1969.
• Scholem, Gershom. Sabetay Sevi: Mistik Mesih. Çeviren Eşref Bengi Özbilen. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2011.
• Sidur Kol Yaakov. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A. Ş., 2006.
• Stal, Avraham. “Keria Pulhanit şel Sefer ha-Zohar.” Peʿamīm 5 (1980): 77–87.
• Stern, Ignatz. “Versuch einer umstandlichen Analyse des Sohar.” Ben Chananja 1 (1958): 448–453.
• The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. Çeviren Daniel C. Matt. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.