Karalekeye dayanıklı elma çeşit ıslahındaki gelişmeler

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 14 - 26, 01.06.2011

Emel Kaçal , Fatma Akıncı Yıldırım

Öz

Karaleke, Venturia inaequalis etmeninin neden olduğu fungal bir hastalıktır. Dünya elma üretiminde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Kayıplar daha çok verim ve kaliteyi etkileyen meyve enfeksiyonundan kaynaklanır. Zarar şiddeti, ilkbaharda iklim koşulları ve çeşit hassasiyetine göre önemli ölçüde değişir. Kayıpları önlemek için üreticiler, kimyasal (fungusit) uygulamalarını artırma; araştırıcılar ise azaltma çabaları içindedirler. Kimyasal kullanımının azaltılmasına yönelik olarak yapılan çalışmaların başında dayanıklılık ıslahı gelmektedir. Dayanıklı elma çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla başta ABD, Almanya, Çek Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya olmak üzere dünyanın birçok ülkesinde ıslah çalışmaları başlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sonucu olarak çok sayıda dayanıklı veya toleranslı çeşit (Örn: Goldstar, Redfree, Topaz, Rajka, William’s Pride vb.) elde edilmiş ve bazıları üretime sunulmuştur. Ayrıca bugüne kadar hastalık etmeninin 8 ırkı ve 16 adet dayanıklılık geni belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Malus x domestica; Venturia inaequalis; Dayanıklılık; Fungusit

Development of apple variety breeding for scab resistance

Öz

Apple scab is a fungal disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. It causes great economic losses in the world apple production. Losses are caused by fruit infections affecting the yield and fruit quality. Damage severity varies significantly according to the sensitivities of variety and climatic conditions in the spring. The growers to prevent losses caused by disease, chemical (fungicide) applications increase, the researchers are also efforts to reduce it. Resistance breeding in order to reduce chemical use comes at the beginning of the studies. Many studies to improve of apple scab resistant varieties in many counties all over the world, mostly the USA, Germany, the Czech Republic and Russia, had been started. In the results of these works, many varieties which are resistant or tolerant (For example, Florina, Modi, Topaz, Rajka, William’s Pride) were obtained and released. In addition, the 8 race of disease and 16 resistant genes to apple scab were found.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Malus x domestica; Venturia inaequalis; Resistance; Fungicide

Kaynakça

• Anonymous 2010. http://ec.europa.eu/research/agro/fair/en/fr3898.html (Erişim tarihi 14.12.2010).
• Bénaouf, G., Parisi, L. 2000. Genetics of Host-Pathogen Relationships Between Venturia inaequalis Races 6 and 7 and Malus Species. Phytopathology, 90(3):236-242.
• Bergamini, A., Giongo, L., Fontanari, M. 2002. Apple Breeding Progress at The Trento Section of ISF - TN: Producing High Quality Fruit With Resistance to Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew. International Symposium on Apple Breeding for Scab Resistance. Acta Horticulturae, 595.
• Blažek, J., Paprštein, F. 1994. Breeding Apples for Scab Tolerance at Holovousy. Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, 21-25.
• Boyraz, N., Kaymak, S., Yigit, F. 2005. Eğirdir İlçesi Elma Üreticilerinin Kimyasal Savaşım Uygulamalarının Genel Değerlendirilmesi. S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (36):37-51.
• Brown, S., Maloney, K. 2008. Scab-Resistant Cultivars (varieties). New York Fruit Quarterly, 16(4):3-6.
• Budan, S., Braniste, N., Butac, M., Militaru, M., Dutu, I., Mazilu, C., Rovina, A., 2009. New Achievements in Fruit Breeding at RIFG Pitesti. Scientific Papers of the RIFG Pitesti, 25:8-14.
• Bulut, H., Tamer, A. 1996. Pestisit Kullanımının Azaltılması ile İlgili Politika ve Stratejiler. 18-20 Kasım, II. Ulusal Zirai Mücadele İlaçları Sempozyumu, s.12-24, Ankara.
• Bus, V.G.M., Alspach, P.A., Hofstee, M.E., Brewer, L.R. 2002. Genetic Variability and Preliminary Heritability Estimates of Resistance to Scab (Venturia inaequalis) in an Apple Genetics Population. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 30:83-92.
• Bus, V.G.M., Laurens, N.D., van de Weg, Eric, W., Rusholme, R.L., Rikkerink, E.H.A., Gardiner, S.E., Bassett, H.C.M., Kodde, L.P., Plummer, K.M. 2005. The Vh8 Locus of a New Gene-for-Gene Interaction Between Venturia inaequalis and The Wild Apple Malus sieversii is Closely Linked to The Vh2 locus in Malus pumila R12740-7A. New Phytologist, 166:1035 - 1049.
• Bus, V.G.M., Rikkerink, E., Aldwinckle, H.S., Caffier, V., Durel, C.E., Gardiner, S., Gessler, C., Groenwold, R., Laurens, F., Le Cam, B., Luby, J., Meulenbroek, B., Kellerhals, M., Parisi, L., Patocchi, A., Plummer, K., Schouten, H.J., Tartarini, S., van de Weg, W.E. 2009. A Proposal for The Nomenclature of Venturia inaequalis Races. Proc. XIIth Eucarpia Symp. on Fruit Breeding and Genetics, Acta Hort, 814:739-746.
• Crosby, J.A., Janick, J., Pecknold, P.C., Korban, S.S., O’Connon, P.A., Ries, S.M., Goffreda, J., Voordeckers, A. 1992. Breeding Apples for Scab Resistance: 1945-1990. Fruit Varieties Journal, 46(3):145-166.
• Erdin, N., Tartarini, S., Broggini, G.A.L., Gennari, F., Sansavini, S., Gessler, C., Patocchi, A. 2006. Mapping of The Apple Scab Resistance Gene Vb. Genome, 49:1238 - 1245.
• Eyssen, R. 1994. Apple Breeding for Quality, Disease Resistance and Growth Habit. Plant Breeding for Mankind. Acta Hort., 355:173-181.
• Faedi, W., Baruzzi, G., Ghetti, S., Rosati, C. 2002. The Apple Breeding Program of ISF-FORLI. International Symposium on Apple Breeding for Scab Resistance. Acta Hort., 595.
• Fischer, C. 2000. Multiple Resistant Apple Cultivars and Consequences for Apple Breeding in The Future. EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Hort., 538:229-234.
• Fischer, C., Bondarenko, A., Artamonova, E. 1994. Results on The Stability of Scab Resistance in Apple Breeding. In: Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, Schmidt, H. and Kellerhals, M. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp. 81-85.
• Fischer, M., Fischer, C. 2002. The Dresden-Pillnitz Long-term Apple Breeding Program and Its Results. The Compact Fruit Tree, 35(1):21-25.
• Flachowsky, H., Hanke, V. 2006. Gene Transfer as an Important Approach to Resistance Breeding in Apple. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 14 (sup.1):77-83.
• Gessler, C., Patocchi, A., Sansavini, S., Tartarini, S., Gianfranceschi, L. 2006. Venturia inaequalis Resistance in Apple. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 25(6):473 - 503.
• Gygax, M., Gianfranceschi, L., Liebhard, R., Kellerhals, M., Gessler, C., Patocchi, A. 2004. Molecular Markers Linked to The Apple Scab Resistance Gene Vbj Derived From Malus baccata jackii. Theor. Appl. Genet., 109:1702 - 1717.
• Huaracha, E., Xu, M., Korban, S.S. 2004. Narrowing Down The Region of The Vf Locus for Scab Resistance in Apple Using AFLP-derived SCARs. Theor. Appl. Genet., 108:274 - 279.
• Janick, J. 2006. The PRI Apple Breeding Program. HortScience, 41(1):8-10.
• Jesperson, G. 1994. Scab Resistant Apple Varieties Problems and Potential. Tree Fruit Leader, 3(2).
• Jha, G., Thakur, K., Thakur, P. 2009. The Venturia Apple Pahosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, pp. 1-10.
• Kaçal, E., Öztürk, G., Atay, N., Sarısu, C., Özongun, Ş., Atay, E., Emre, R.A., Yürekli, Ö., Karamürsel, Ö.F. 2009. Eğirdir Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Elma Islah Çalışmaları. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(1):53-56.
• Kaymak, S., Boyraz, N., İşçi, M., Dolunay, E.M., Ozongun, Ş. 2008. MM 106 Anaçlı Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinin Elma Kara Lekesi Hastalığı (Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.)’na Karşı Dayanıklılık Reaksiyonlarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(46):55-61.
• Kazlouskaya, Z.A. 2009. New Results of Apple Breeding Program in BELARUS. Zbornik radova II Savetovanja „Inovacije u voćarstvu“, pp. 117-120, 11-12 Ferbruar, Beograd.
• Kazlouskaya, Z.A., Marudo, G.M., Ryabtsev, A.S. 2000. Some Results of The Apple Breeding Programme in Belarus. EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Hort., 538:219 - 223.
• Kellerhals, M., Furrer, B. 1994. Approaches for Breeding Apples With Durable Disease Resistance. In: Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, Schmidt, H. and Kellerhals, M. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp. 93-97.
• Kellerhals, M., Meyer, M. 1994. Aims of The Apple Breeding Programme at Wädenswil. In: Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, Schmidt, H. and Kellerhals, M. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp. 117-121.
• Khanizadeh, S. 2002. Development of Winter Hardy, Scab Resistant Apple Varieties for Growers, Home Gardeners and Processing (an overview). International Symposium on Apple Breeding for Scab Resistance, Acta Hort., 595.
• Kon, T., Sato, T., Kudo, T., Fujita, K. 2000. Apple Breeding at Aomori Apple Experiment Station, Japan. EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Hort., 538:215-218.
• Lateur, M., Populer, C. 1994. Screening Fruit Tree Genetic Resources in Belgium for Disease Resistance and other Desirable Characters. Euphytica, 77:147-153.
• Lateur, M., Wagemans, C. 1997. New Project for The Use of Apple Genetic Resources in a Breeding Programme. Report of a Working Group on Malus/Pyrus. European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks, First Meeting, 15-17 May Dublin, Ireland.
• Lespinasse, Y. 1994. Apple Scab Resistance and Durability. New Races and Strategies for The Future. H. Schmidt and Kellerhals (eds.), Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, pp.105-106.
• Novak, F.J., Brunner, H. 1992. Plant Breeding: Induced Mutation Tehcnology for Crop Improvement. IAEA Bulletin, 4: 25-33.
• Patocchi, A., Bigler, B., Koller, B., Kellerhals, M. 2004. Vr2: A New Apple Scab Resistance Gene. Theor. Appl. Genet., 109:1087-1092.
• Patocchi, A., Frei, A., Frey, J.E., Kellerhas, M. 2009. Towards Improvement of Marker Assisted Selection of Apple Scab Resistant Cultivars: Venturia inaequalis Virulence Surveys and Standardization of Molecular Marker Alleles Associated with Resistance Genes. Mol. Breeding, 24:337 - 347.
• Sandskär, B., Liljeroth, E. 2005. Incidence of Races of The Apple Scab Pathogen (Venturia inaequalis) in Apple Growing Districts in Sweden. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 55:143 - 150.
• Sansavini, S., Ventura, M. 1994. The Apple Breeding Program at The University of Bologna. In: Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, Schmidt, H. and Kellerhals, M. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp. 109 - 116.
• Schouten, H.J., Krens, F.A., Jacobsen, E. 2006. Cisgenic Plants are Similar to Traditionally Bred Plants. European Molecular Biology Organization, EMBO Reports, 7(8): 750-753.
• Sedov, E., Serova, Z., Krasova, N. 2008. Apple Cultivars of The All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. Scientific Works of The Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture Sodininkystė Ir Darzininkyste, 27(4):13-22.
• Soejima, J., Abe, K., Kotoda, N., Kato, H. 2000. Recent Progress of Apple Breeding at The Apple Research Center in Morioka. EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Acta Hort., 538:221-213.
• Soriano, J.M., Joshi, S.G., van Kaauwen, M., Noordijk, Y., Groenwold, R., Henken, B., van de Weg, W.E., Schouten, H.J. 2009. Identification and Mapping of The Novel Apple Scab Resistance Gene Vd3. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 5: 475 - 482.
• Soufflet-Freslon, V., Gianfranceschi, L., Patocchi, A., Durel, C.E. 2008. Inheritance Studies of Apple Scab Resistance and Identification of Rvi14, a New Major Gene That Acts Together With Other Broad-Spectrum QTL. Genome, 51:657 - 667.
• Tartarini, S., Gianfranceschi, L., Sansavini, S., Gessler, C. 1999. Development of Reliable PCR Markers for The Selection of The Vf Gene Conferring Scab Resistance in Apple. Plant Breed., 118:183 - 186.
• Teŝović, Z.V., Stanisavljević, M.M., Srećković, M.J. 1994. Four Decades of Apple Breeding at The Fruit Research Institute at Čačak. In: Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, Schmidt, H. and Kellerhals, M. (Eds.), 123 - 125. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Tóth, M., Rozsnyav, D., Quang, X. 1994. Apple Breeding for Disease Resistance in Hungary. Progress in Temperate Fruit Breeding, pp.27-30.
• Tupý, J., Louda, O., Zima, J. 2011. Station of Apple Breeding for Disease Resistance. http://www.ueb.cas.cz/en/content/station-apple-breeding-disease-resistance.
• Urbanovich, O., Kazlovskaya, Z. 2008. Identification of Scab Resistance Genes in Apple Trees by Molecular Markers. Scientific Works of The Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Sodininkyste Ir Daržininkyste, 27(2):347 - 357.
• Vávra, R., Boček, S. 2010. www.ecofruit.net/2010/1_RP_R_Vavra_S_Bocek_S10bis15.pdf.
• Xu, M.L., Huaracha, E., Korban, S.S. 2001. Development of Sequence-characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs) From Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Markers Tightly Linked to the Vf Gene in Apple. Genome, 44:63 - 70.
• Zeppa, A., Dullahide, S., Mc Waters, A., Middleton, S. 2002. Status of Breeding for Apple Scab Resistance in Australia. International Symposium on Apple Breeding for Scab Resistance. Acta Hort., 595.