Okul Örgütlerinde Öğretmenlerin Liderle Özdeşleşme Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 57, 1404 - 1425, 30.09.2023

Çiğdem Ayanoğlu , İhsan Özkan , Mustafa Bayrakcı

https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1267789

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu araştırma, okul örgütlerinde lider-takipçi bağlamında öğretmenlerin (takipçi) okul müdürleri (lider) ile özdeşleşme düzeylerini belirlemek üzere nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Kocaeli ilindeki ilköğretim ve ortaöğretim okullarında görevli toplam 753 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler istatistiksel analiz teknikleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmnın sonucunda öğretmenlerin liderle özdeşleşme düzeylerinin orta düzeyde olduğu; cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, öğrenim durumu, görev yapılan okul türü ve okuldaki görev süresi değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği belirlenmiştir. 0-5 yıl mesleki kıdeme sahip olan öğretmenlerin lider ile özdeşleşme düzeylerinin daha çok mesleki kıdemi olanlara göre yüksek düzeyde olduğu, ayrıca ücretli öğretmenlerin liderle özdeşleşme düzeylerinin kadrolu/sözleşmeli öğretmenlerden yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, okul örgütünün başarısına yönelik liderle özdeşleşmeyi teşvik etmekte okul müdürü davranışlarını düzenlemeye dair uygulamalara veri oluşturabilir; liderle özdeşleşme üzerine takipçi görüşlerini derinlemesine inceleyen ve liderlik davranışlarının liderle özdeşleşmeyi sağlayacak tamamlayıcı etkilerini belirleyen gelecekteki çalışmaların temellerini atabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liderle özdeşleşme, okul müdürü, öğretmen

Kaynakça

• Akman, Y. (2017a). Sosyal sermaye öğretmenlerin okulları ile özdeşleşmeleri ilişkisinde lider-üye etkileşiminin aracılık etkisi. Bartın Ünirsitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 263-281. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.281970
• Akman, Y. (2017b). Öğretmenlerin algılarına göre iş motivasyonu ve örgütsel özdeşleşme arasındaki ilişki. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(27), 71-88.
• Alvarez, A. P, Alonso, F. M., Mora, M. P.B & León, J. A.M. (2019) Authentic leadership and its relationships with work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors in military units: The role of identification as a mediating variable. Military Psychology, 31(5), 412-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2019.1646078
• Antonakis, J. (2012). Transformational and charismatic leadership. In D. Day & J. Antonakis (Eds), The nature of leadership (pp. 256-288). Sage Publications
• Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
• Ashforth, B. E. & Sluss, D. M. (2006). Relational identities in organizations: Healthy versus unhealthy. In O. Kyriakidou & M. F. Özbilgin (Eds), Relational perspectives in organizational studies: A research companion. Edward Elgar. https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.2008.32465795
• Ashforth, B. E., Joshi, M., Anand, V. & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2013). Extending the expanded model of organizational identification to occupations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 2426-2448. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12190
• Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Saks, A. M. (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.02.001
• Bardera, M. P., García-Silgo, M. & Pastor, A. (2014). Stress management in the armed forces. Journal of the Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies, 4, 1-24.
• Bass, B. M. (1998). Leading in the army after next. Military Review, 78(2), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429495007-30
• Bass, B., M. & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character and authentic transformational leadership, behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 184-211.
• Bıyık, Y. ve Sökmen, A . (2016). Örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel özdeşleşme, kişi-örgüt uyumu ve iş tatmini ilişkisi: Bilişim uzmanlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 9(2), 221-227.
• Buil, I., Martinez, E. & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: the role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Manegement, 77, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.014
• Carmeli, A., Schaubroeck, J. & Tishler, A. (2011). How CEO empowering leadership shapes top management team processes: Implications for firm performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 399-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.013
• Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V. & Bernardo, J. (2013). Transformational leaders and work performance: the mediating roles of identification and selfefficacy. Brazilian Administration Review, 10(4), 490-512. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-76922013000400007
• Check, J. ve Schutt, R. K. (2012). Research methods in education. Sage
• Chen, Z. (2001). Further investigation of the outcomes of loyalty to the supervisor: Job satisfaction and intention to stay. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(8), 650-660. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006305
• Cheng B. S., Chou L. F., Yu, W. T., Huang, M. P. & Farh, J. L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Psychology, 7, 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00137.x
• Cho, J. (2007). Psychological processes underlying the relationship between transformational leadership and multi-foci organizational citizenship behaviors: A multiple-level approach. (Doctorate Dissertation). State University of New York at Buffalo.https://search.proquest.com/docview/304772475?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
• Connaughton, S. L. & Daly, J. A. (2004). Identification with leader: A comparison of perceptions of ıdentification among geograpphically dispersed and co-located teams. Corporate Communications An International Journal, 9(2), 89-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13563280410534294
• Cremer, D. & Knippenberg, D. (2005). Cooperation as a function of leader self-sacrifice, trust, and identification. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26(5), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510607853
• Creswell. J. W. ve Creswell, J. D. (2018) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications
• Çepni. S. (2018). Araştırma ve proje çalışmalarına giriş (8. Baskı). Celepler Yayıncılık
• Çırakoğlu, H. (2010). Örgütsel özdeşleşme ve iş doyumu ilişkisi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
• Deetz, S. (1995). Transforming communication, transforming business: Building responsive and responsible workplaces. Hampton Press.
• Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M. & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393235
• Edwards, M. R. (2005). Organizational identification: A conceptual and operational review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(4), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00114.x
• Epitropaki, O., Kark, R., Mainemelis, C. & Lord, R. G. (2017). Leadership and followership identity processes: A multilevel review. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 104-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.003
• Erdoğan Morçin, S. (2018). Otel çalışanlarının liderle özdeşleşme tutumları: Antalya örneği. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 4(18), 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23929/javs.705
• Erdoğan, B., Liden, R. C. & Kraimer, M. L. (2006). Justice and leader–member exchange: The moderating role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 395- 406. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.20786086
• Fettahlıoğlu, Ö. O. ve Koca, N. (2015). Örgütsel özdeşleşme ve örgütsel vatandaşlık ilişkisinde örgütsel desteğin düzenleyici etkisi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.92
• Gardner, W. L. & Avolio, B. J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical perspective. Academy of Management Journal 23(1), 32-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/259098
• Glavas, A. & Godwin, L.N. (2013). Is the perception of goodness good enough? Exploring the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility and employee organizational identification, Journal of Business Ethics, 114, 15-27. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-012-1323-5
• Göksel, A. ve Ekmekçioğlu, E. B. (2016). Lider-üye etkileşiminin örgütsel özdeşleşme ile ilişkisinde işe bağlılığın aracı rolü. Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 18(3), 721-747. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/286726
• Gu, Q., Tang, T. L. & Jiang, W. (2015). Does moral leadership enhance employee creativity? Employee Identification with leader and leader-member exchange (lMX) in the Chinese context. Journal of Gusiness Ethics, 126(3), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1967-9
• Haq, M. A., Khalid, S., Ahmed, M. A. & Shahzad, M. N. (2020). Transformational leadership and ınnovative behaviour: role of work meaningfulness and personal ıdentification with leader. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 14(12), 242-261.
• Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D. & Platow, M. J. (2011). The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence and power. Psychology Press.
• Higgins, M. C. & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Constellations and careers: Toward understanding the effects of multiple developmental relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(3), 223-247.
• Hobman E. V., Jackson, C. J., Jimmieson, N. & Martin, R. (2011) The effects of transformational leadership behaviours on follower outcomes: An identitybased analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(4), 553-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.490046
• Huang, J., Wang, L. & Xie, J. (2014). Leader-member exchange and organisational citizenship behaviour: The roles of identification with leader and leader's reputation. Social Behaviour and Personality: An International Journal, 42(10), 1699-1711. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.10.1699
• Janson, A. (2008). Extracting leadership knowledge from formative experiences. Leadership, 4(1), 73-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715007085770
• Karabey, C. & İşcan, Ö. (2010). Örgütsel özdeşleşme, örgütsel imaj ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ilişkisi: Bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 231-241.
• Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ve Gümüşlüoğlu, L. (2013). Dönüştürücü liderliğin Türkiye bağlamında yeniden kavramsallaştırılması. Türkiye Psikoloji Dergisi, 28(72), 105-124. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2399371
• Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi, Kavramlar ilkeler teknikler. Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Kark, R. & Shamir, B. (2002). The influence of transformational leadership on followers’ relational versus collective-self concepts. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1. https://doi.org/10.5465/apbpp.2002.7517557
• Kark, R., Shamir, B. & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.246
• Karslı, E. (2019). Dönüşümcü liderliğin motivasyon ve örgütsel özdeşleşmeye etkisi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Kerse, G. ve Karabey, C. N. (2017). Algılanan örgütsel desteğin örgütsel özdeşleşmeye etkisi: örgütsel sinizmin aracı rolü. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(4), 379. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mjss/issue/40527/486292
• Kerlinger, F. N. & Lee, H. B. (1999). Foundations of behavioral research. Harcourt College Publishers.
• Kesen, M. (2016). Çalışan katılımı, yönetimin açıklığı, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve çalışan performansı arasındaki etkileşimleri belirlemeye yönelik ampirik bir çalışma. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 20(66), 463-482.
• Kılınç, T. (1996). Liderlikte durumsallığın ötesi (II), Karizmatik liderlik yaklaşımı. İstanbul Üniveristesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 67-108.
• Koçak, D. (2019). Örgütsel adalet ile örgütsel özdeşleşme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(18), 1001-1024. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.556322
• Kotter, J. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail? Harvard Business Review, 73(2), 59-68.
• Kreiner, G. & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Evidence towards an expanded model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 1–27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4093641
• Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
• Li, J., Furst-Holloway, S., Masterson, S. S., Gales, L. M. & Blume, B. D. (2018). Leader-member exchange and leader identification: Comparison and integration. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(2), 122-141. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2017-0220
• Luthans, F. & Avolio, B. J. (2003) Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton & R. E. Quinn (Eds), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241-261), Barrett-Koehler. Lührmann, T. & Eberl, P. (2007). Leadership and identity construction: Reframing the leader–follower interaction from an identity theory perspective. SAGE Publications, 3(1), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715007073070
• Mael, F. A. & Ashforth, B. E. (1995). Loyal from day one: Biodata, organizational identification, and turnover among newcomers. Personnel Psychology, 48, 309-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01759.x
• Mael, F. A. & Tetrick, L. E. (1992). Identifying organizational identification. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(4), 813-824. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004002
• Martin, R. & Epitropaki, O. (2001). Role of organizational identification on implicit leadership theories (ILTs), transformational leadership and work attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4(3), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430201004003005
• Meleady, R. & Crisp, R. J. (2017). Take it to the top: Imagined interactions with leaders elevates organizational identification. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(5), 621-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.008
• Miao, Q., Newman, A. & Lamb, P. (2012). Transformational leadership and the work outcomes of Chinese migrant workers: The mediating effects of identification with leader. Leadership, 8(4), 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012444055
• Monzani, L., Knoll, M., Giessner, S., Dick, R.V. & Peiro, J. M. (2019). Between a rock and hard place: Combined effects of authentic leadership, organizational ıdentification, and team prototypicality on managerial prohibitive voice. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2019.1 Nemanıch, L. A. & Keller, R.T. (2007). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 49-68.
• Petriglieri, G. & Stein, M. (2012). The unwanted self: Projective identification in leaders' identity work. Organization Studies, 33(9), 1217–1235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612448158
• Polat, M. (2009). Örgütsel özdeşleşmenin öncülleri ve ardılları üzerine bir saha çalışması. (Doktora Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Pratt, M. G. (1998). To be or not to be? Central questions in organizational identification. In D. A. Whetten, & P. C. Godfrey (Eds), Identity in organizations: Building theory through conversation (pp. 171–207). Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231495
• Pratt, M. G. (2000). The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 456-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667106 Riesenmy, K. R. (2008). The moderating role of follower identification in the relationship beetwen leader and follower visionary Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 1(2), 62-77.
• Riketta, M. & Van Dick, R. (2005). Foci of attachment in organizations: A meta-analytic comparison of the strength and correlates of workgroup versus organizational identification and commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 490-51.
• Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358-384.
• Sashkin, M., & Sashkin, M. G. (2003). Leadership that matters. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
• Sass, J. S. & Canary, D. J. (1991). Organizational commitment and identification: an examination of conceptual and operational convergence. Western Journal of Communication, 55, 275-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570319109374385
• Scott, S. G. & Lane, V. R. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 43-62.
• Shamir B., House R. J. & Arthur M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A slef-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.4.577
• Shamir, B. & Kark, R. (2004). A single-item graphic scale for the measurement of organizational identification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915946
• Shamir, B., Zakay, E., Breinin, E. & Popper, M. (1998). Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: Subordinates’ attitudes unit characteristics and superiors’ appraisals of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 387-409.
• Shanock, S. & Eisenberger, R. (2006).When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates’ perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.689
• Sluss, D. M. & Ashforth, B. E. (2007). Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships. The Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10. 2307/20159278.
• Sökmen, A. (2019). Örgütsel özdeşleşme, örgütsel bağlılık ve iş tatmini ilişkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(2), 980-990. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2019.403. Sparrowe, R. & Liden, R. (1997). Process and structure in leader-member Exchange. The Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 522-552. https://doi.org/10.2307/259332
• Tang, T. L. P. & Liu, H. (2012). Love of money and unethical behavior intention: Does an authentic supervisor’s personal integrity and character (ASPIRE) make a difference? Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1040-5
• Tüzün, İ. K. ve Çağlar, İ. (2008). Örgütsel özdeşleşme kavramı ve iletişim etkinliği ilişkisi. Journal of Yasar University, 3(9), 1011-1027.
• Tyler, T. R. & Blader, S. L. (2003). The group engagement model: Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 349-361.
• Uhl-Bien, M., Graen, G. B. & Scandura, T. A. (2000). Implications of leader-member exchange (LMX) for strategic human resource management systems: Relationships as social capital for competitive advantage. Research in personnel and human resource management, 18, 137-185.
• Ullrich, J., Wieseke, J., Christ, O., Schulze, M. & Dick, R. V. (2007). The identity-matching principle: Corporate and organizational ıdentification in a franchising system. British Journal of Management, 18, 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00524.x
• Van Knippenberg, D. & Sleebos, E. (2006). Organizational identification versus organizational commitment: Self‐definition, social exchange, and job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5), 571-584. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.359
• Vondey, M. (2010). The relationships among servant leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, person-organization fit, and organizational identification. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1), 3-27.
• Walumbwa, F. O. & Hartnell, C. A. (2011). Understanding transformational leadership-employee performance links: The role of relational identification and self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317910X485818
• Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S. & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913
• Wang, P. & Rode, J. C. (2010). Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The moderating effects of identification with leader and organizational climate. Human Relations, 63, 1105-1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709354132
• Wang, P., Walumbwa, F.O., Wang, H. & Aryee, S. (2013). Unraveling the relationship between family-supportive supervisor and employee performance. Group & Organization Management, 38(2),258-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601112472726
• Wang, X. H. F. & Howell, J. M. (2012). A multilevel study of transformational leadership, identification, and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 775-790. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H. & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.590
• Wiesenfeld, B. M., Raghuram, S. & Garud, R. (1999). Communication patterns as determinants of identification in a virtual organization. Organization Science, 10(6),777-90. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.10.6.777
• Yaykıran, Z. (2020). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin örgütsel kimlik algıları ve örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Yukl, G., Gordon, A. & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: ıntegrating A half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1),15-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900102
• Zaballero, A. G. & Park, J. G. (2012). The different leadership styles. In J. Lindholm, K. K. Yarrish & A. G. Zaballero (Eds), The encyclopedia of human resource management HR forms and job aids, 2, Pfeiffer. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118364727.ch5
• Zeynel, E. ve Kırel, A. Ç. (2021). Lider üye etkileşiminin örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerindeki etkisinde mesleki motivasyonun aracı değişken rolüne yönelik araştırma. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(3),1533-1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.882613
• Zhu, W., Wang, G., Zheng, X., Liu, T. & Miao, Q. (2012). Examining the role of personal identification with the leader in leadership effectiveness: A partial nomological network. Group & Organization Management, 38(1), 36–67.