TANKER GEMİLERİNDEKİ ÇEVRESEL UYGUNSUZLUKLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: PARİS MOU LİMAN DEVLETİ DENETİMLERİ ÜZERİNDEN BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 189 - 231, 29.12.2023

Demir Ali Akyar , Bulut Ozan Ceylan , Mehmet Serdar Çelık

https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1263396

Cited By: 1

Öz

Kıyı devletleri, limanlarına veya açık deniz tesislerine uğrak yapan yabancı bayraklı gemilere ve personeline liman devleti denetimleri (PSC) gerçekleştirmektedir. Uluslararası denizcilik sözleşmeleri ve Gemilerden Kaynaklanan Kirliliğin Önlenmesine İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme (MARPOL) kapsamında denizlerin ve doğal çevrenin korunması amacıyla uygulanan bu denetimler sürdürülebilir, temiz denizler ve doğal çevre açısından son derece önemlidir. Ancak son yıllarda artan deniz ticareti faaliyetleri, denizel çevreye çeşitli nedenlerle büyük ve kalıcı zararlar vermektedir. Ticari faaliyetlerin yürütüldüğü gemi türleri arasında tanker gemileri çevresel açıdan en riskli gemi türü olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Fakat denizcilik literatüründe tanker gemilerinin çevresel uygunsuzluklarının değerlendirilmesi konusunda kapsamlı bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca mevcut çalışmalar uygunsuzlukların içeriği konusunda detaylı bilgi barındırmamakta, doğrudan MARPOL ekleri düzeyinde incelemektedir. Bu motivasyon ile, bu çalışmada tanker gemilerine ait MARPOL uygunsuzlukları Paris MoU kapsamında belirlenerek, gemi özellikleri ile denetim sonuçları arasındaki istatistiksel ilişkiler ortaya konmuştur. Bu bağlamda Paris MoU veri tabanından son beş yılı kapsayan 1.051 PSC denetimi verisi elde edilmiş ve bu denetimlerde MARPOL kapsamında tespit edilen 1.264 adet uygunsuzluk incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Tanker gemilerinde sırasıyla en sık olarak; Pis su arıtma ekipmanı (Ek IV - 14402), Çöp yönetim planı (Ek V - 14503) ve Yağ/yakıt filtreleme ekipmanı (Ek I - 14104) ile ilgili MARPOL uygunsuzlukları tespit edildiği ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca, istatistiksel olarak gemi yaşı ve denetim türü ile tespit edilen uygunsuzluklar arasındaki anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarının mevcut tanker filosunun MARPOL Sözleşmesine uyumluluğunun iyileştirilmesi konusunda gemi işletmecilerine, acentelere ve gemi personeline, denetimlerdeki etkinliğin artırılması konusunda ise bayrak ve liman devleti denetim rejimlerine fayda sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Liman Devleti Denetimi, Tanker Gemileri, MARPOL, Çevre

Teşekkür

Çalışmaya gerekli veri kaynağını sağlayan Paris Memorandumu (MoU) genel sekreterliğine teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEFICIENCIES OF TANKER VESSELS: AN INVESTIGATION THROUGH PARIS MOU PORT STATE CONTROLS

Öz

Coastal states carry out port state inspections (PSC) of foreign flagged vessels calling at their ports or offshore facilities and their personnel. These inspections, which are implemented for the protection of the seas and the natural environment within the scope of international maritime conventions and The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), are extremely important in terms of sustainable, clean seas and the natural environment. However, the increasing maritime trade activities in recent years cause great and permanent damage to the marine environment for various reasons. Tankers stand out as the most environmentally risky type of ships that conduct commercial activities. However, there is no comprehensive study in the maritime literature on the evaluation of environmental deficiencies of tanker ships. In addition, existing studies do not contain detailed information on the deficiency details, and they examine them directly at the level of MARPOL annexes. With this motivation, in this study, MARPOL deficiencies of tanker ships are determined within the scope of Paris MoU PSC inspections, and statistical relationships between ship characteristics and inspection results were revealed. In this context, 1,051 PSC inspection data covering the last five years were obtained from the Paris MoU database, and 1,264 detected deficiencies within the scope of MARPOL were examined. As a result of the study, most frequently encountered MARPOL deficiencies in tanker ships have been; Sewage treatment plant (Annex IV - 14402), Garbage management plan (Annex V - 14503), and Oil/fuel filtering equipment (Annex I - 14104). In addition, statistically significant relationships were revealed between ship age, type of inspection, and the number of MARPOL deficiencies. It is aimed that the results of the analysis will be beneficial for the ship crew, ship management companies, and shipping agencies in improving the compliance of the world tanker fleet with the MARPOL Convention clauses, and the flag and port state inspectors in increasing the effectiveness of the vessel inspections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Port State Control, Tanker Ships, MARPOL, Environment

Kaynakça

• Akyar, D. A. ve Çelik, M. S. (2018). The Analysis of Turkish Flagged Vessels' Deficiencies and Detentions within the Scope of Black Sea MOU-PSC Inspections. Third Mediterranean International Congress on Social Sciences (MECAS III). Budapest, Hungary.
• Animah, I., Addy-Lamptey, A., Korsah, F. ve Sackey, J. S. (2018). Compliance with MARPOL Annex VI regulation 14 by ships in the Gulf of Guinea sub-region: Issues, challenges and opportunities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 441-455.
• Ayan, M. ve Baykal, T. (2010). Uluslararası denizcilik örgütü ve çevre: Türkiye'nin örgüt içindeki durumu/International maritime organization and the environment: Turkey's in status the organization. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(13), 275-297.
• Aydın, M., Camliyurt, G., Akyuz, E. ve Arslan, O. (2021). Analyzing human error contributions to maritime environmental risk in oil/chemical tanker ship. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 27(7), 1838-1859.
• Cariou, P. ve Wolff, F. C. (2011). Do Port State Control inspections influence flag-and class-hopping phenomena in shipping?. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP), 45(2), 155-177.
• Cariou, P. ve Wolff, F. C. (2015). Identifying substandard vessels through port state control inspections: a new methodology for concentrated inspection campaigns. Marine Policy, 60, 27-39.
• Cariou, P., Mejia Jr, M. Q. ve Wolff, F. C. (2007). An econometric analysis of deficiencies noted in port state control inspections. Maritime Policy & Management, 34(3), 243-258.
• Cariou, P., Mejia Jr, M. Q. ve Wolff, F. C. (2008). On the effectiveness of port state control inspections. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 44(3), 491-503.
• Cariou, P., Mejia, M. Q. ve Wolff, F. C. (2009). Evidence on target factors used for port state control inspections. Marine Policy, 33(5), 847-859.
• Ceylan, B. O., Akyar, D. A. ve Celik, M. S. (2023). A novel FMEA approach for risk assessment of air pollution from ships. Marine Policy, 150, 105536.
• Ceylan, B. O., Akyuz, E. ve Arslanoğlu, Y. (2022). Modified quantitative systems theoretic accident model and processes (STAMP) analysis: A catastrophic ship engine failure case. Ocean Engineering, 253, 111187.
• Chen, J., Zhang, W., Wan, Z., Li, S., Huang, T., and Fei, Y. (2019a). Oil spills from global tankers: Status review and future governance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 20-32.
• Chen, J., Zhang, S., Xu, L., Wan, Z., Fei, Y., and Zheng, T. (2019b). Identification of key factors of ship detention under Port State Control. Marine Policy, 102, 21-27.
• Chen, Y., Lou, N., Liu, G., Luan, Y. ve Jiang, H. (2022). Risk analysis of ship detention defects based on association rules. Marine Policy, 142, 105123.
• Chuah, L. F., Mokhtar, K., Bakar, A. A., Othman, M. R., Osman, N. H., Bokhari, A., ... ve Hasan, M. (2022). Marine environment and maritime safety assessment using Port State Control database. Chemosphere, 304, 135245.
• Chung, W. H., Kao, S. L., Chang, C. M. ve Yuan, C. C. (2020). Association rule learning to improve deficiency inspection in port state control. Maritime Policy & Management, 47(3), 332-351.
• Demirci, S. M. E. ve Çiçek, K. (2020). Gemi Risk Faktörü Temelli Denetim Modeli: Paris MOU Denetimleri Uyum Analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 1-24.
• Emecen Kara, E. G. (2016). Risk assessment in the Istanbul Strait using Black Sea MOU port state control inspections. Sustainability, 8(4), 390.
• Eurostat. (2023). Coastal, Island and Outermost Regions. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/coastal-island-outermost-regions/background, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• Eyigün, Ö. (2013). Liman devleti kontrolü (PSC) rejimlerinde kullanılan hedefleme sistemlerinin analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Gao, Z., Lu, G., Liu, M. ve Cui, M. (2008). A novel risk assessment system for port state control inspection. IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics. Taipei, Taiwan.
• Gingrich, P. (2004). Chi Square Tests. http://uregina. ca/~ gingrich/ch10. Pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2022.
• Graziano, A., Mejia Jr, M. Q. ve Schröder-Hinrichs, J. U. (2018a). Achievements and challenges on the implementation of the European Directive on Port State Control. Transport Policy, 72, 97-108.
• Graziano, A., Cariou, P., Wolff, F. C., Mejia, M. Q. ve Schröder-Hinrichs, J. U. (2018b). Port state control inspections in the European Union: Do inspector's number and background matter?. Marine Policy, 88, 230-241.
• Grbić, L., Ivanišević, D. ve Čulin, J. (2015). Detainable Maritime Labour Convention 2006-related deficiencies found by Paris MOU Authorities. Pomorstvo, 29(1), 52-57.
• Güngör, M. ve Bulut, Y. (2008). Ki-kare testi üzerine. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 84-89. Im, M. H., Lee, C. H. ve Sin, H. S. (2016). A Study on Ships of KRS Registered the analyses of Detentions for Port State Control. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 28(1), 34-46.
• IMO. (2022a). International Maritime Organization.International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2022.
• IMO. (2022b). International Maritime Organization. Status of Conventions MARPOL. https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/StatusOfConventions.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2022.
• IMO. (2022c). International Maritime Organization. Status of Treaties (MARPOL). https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/StatusOfTreaties.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2022.
• Kasoulides, G. (1990). Paris Memorandum of Understanding: a regional regime of enforcement. International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law, 5, 180-192.
• Kasoulides, G. C. (1995). Port State Control and jurisdiction–Evolution of the port state regime. VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee, 28(2), 255-256.
• Kılıç, S. (2016). Ki-kare Testi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 6(3), 180-182.
• Knapp, S. ve Franses, P. H. (2007). A global view on port state control: econometric analysis of the differences across port state control regimes. Maritime Policy & Management, 34(5), 453-482.
• Kristiansen, S. (2013). Maritime transportation: safety management and risk analysis. New York: Routledge. Li, K. X. ve Zheng, H. (2008). Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC). Maritime Policy & Management, 35(1), 61-71.
• Lloyd Maritime. (2022). Flag state inspections & Classification surveys Training Certificate Program. https://www.lloydmaritime.com/en/module?id=port -state-control, Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2022.
• Mantoju, C. D. (2021). Analysis of MARPOL implementation based on port state control statistics. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 5(3), 132-145.
• McDorman, T. L. (2000). Regional port state control agreements: some issues of international law. Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 5, 207-225.
• Med MoU. (2023). Paris Mou Member States. http://www.medmou.org/ParisMoU.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023.
• Osman, M. T., Tian, L., Chen, Y. ve Rahman, N. S. F. A. (2021). Empirical analysis on port state control inspection for foreign-registered ships in Malaysian ports. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 37(2), 127-139.
• Öztürk, O. B. ve Gökdemir Işık, N. (2016). Türkiye'de Uygulanmakta Olan Liman Devleti Kontrollerine Yönelik Bir Delphi Çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 0-0.
• Paris MoU. (2021). Paris MoU Annual Reports 2016-2021. https://www.parismou.org/publications-category/annual-reports, Erişim Tarihi: 5.10.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2022a). List of Paris MoU deficiency codes in use (effective 1 July 2022). https://www.parismou.org/list-paris-mou-deficiency-codes, Erişim Tarihi: 2.10.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2022b). Inspection types. https://www.parismou.org/inspections-risk/library-faq/inspection-types, Erişim Tarihi: 7.11.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2022c). Inspection Type and Clear Grounds. https://parismou.org/system/files/Annex%209Inspection%20Type%20and%20Clear%20Grounds.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 7.11.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2022d). Concentrated Inspection Campaigns. https://www.parismou.org/inspections-risk/port-state-control-inspections-paris-mou/concentrated-inspection-campaigns, Erişim Tarihi: 7.11.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2022e). Report of the 2021 Concentrated Inspection Campaign (CIC) on Stability. https://www.parismou.org/report-2021-concentrated-inspection-campaign-cic-stability, Erişim Tarihi: 2.10.2022.
• Paris MoU. (2023a). 44th Amendment Paris MoU, Annex 7 Ship Risk Profile. https://www.parismou.org/sites/default/files/Paris%20MoU%20 including%2044th%20amendment.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023.
• Paris MoU. (2023b). Paris MoU Database Inspection Search. https://www.parismou.org/inspection-search/inspection-search, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023.
• Paris MoU. (2023c). White, Grey and Black List. https://www.parismou.org/detentions-banning/white-grey-and-black-list, Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2023.
• Paris MoU. (2023d). List of Recognized Organizations. https://www.parismou.org/list-recognized-organizations, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• Ravira, F. J. ve Piniella, F. (2016). Evaluating the impact of PSC inspectors’ professional profile: a case study of the Spanish Maritime Administration. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 15, 221-236.
• Rodriguez, E. ve Piniella, F. (2012). The new inspection regime of the Paris MOU on port state control: Improvement of the system. Journal of Maritime Research, 9(1), 9-16.
• Schinas, O. ve Stefanakos, C. N. (2014). Selecting technologies towards compliance with MARPOL Annex VI: The perspective of operators. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 28, 28-40.
• Sevgili, C. ve Töz, A. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Port State Control. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty , 4(1), 1-11 .
• Smith, J. E. (1968). 'Torrey Canyon Pollution and Marine Life. A report by the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
• Şanlıer, Ş. (2020). Analysis of port state control inspection data: The Black Sea Region. Marine Policy, 112, 103757.
• Şanlıer, Ş. (2021). Paris Memorandumu Denetim Datalarının Liman Devletleri Bağlamında Analizi (2016-2018). Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 16(1), 477-489.
• Ukić Boljat, H., Slišković, M., Jelaska, I., Gudelj, A. ve Jelić Mrčelić, G. (2020). Analysis of pollution related deficiencies identified through PSC inspections for the period 2014–2018. Sustainability, 12(15), 5956.
• Weng, J., Meng, Q. ve Qu, X. (2012). Vessel collision frequency estimation in the Singapore Strait. The Journal of Navigation, 65(2), 207-221.
• Xiao, Y., Qi, G., Jin, M., Yuen, K. F., Chen, Z. ve Li, K. X. (2021). Efficiency of Port State Control inspection regimes: A comparative study. Transport Policy, 106, 165-172.
• Xiao, Y., Wang, G., Lin, K. C., Qi, G. ve Li, K. X. (2020). The effectiveness of the new inspection regime for port state control: application of the Tokyo MOU. Marine Policy, 115, 103857.
• Yan, R., Wang, S. ve Peng, C. (2022). Ship selection in port state control: status and perspectives. Maritime Policy & Management, 49(4), 600-615.
• Yang, Z., Yang, Z. ve Teixeira, A. P. (2020). Comparative analysis of the impact of new inspection regime on port state control inspection. Transport Policy, 92, 65-80.
• Yang, Z., Yang, Z., Yin, J., ve Qu, Z. (2018). A risk-based game model for rational inspections in port state control. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 118, 477-495.
• Yılmaz, F. (2020). Evaluation of Port State Control (PSC) Performance of Turkish Flagged Merchant Ships in Paris MOU. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 6(1), 111-119.
• Yılmaz, F. ve Ece, N. J. (2017). Analysis of the Relationship Between Variables Related to Paris MOU-PSC Inspections and the Results of Inspection Applied to Turkish Flagged Ships. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 5(2), 172-185.