Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı Pandemisinde Akut İskemik İnmede Hemşirelik Bakımının Yönetimi
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 453 - 460, 15.10.2021
Simge Kalav
,
Sakine Boyraz
Öz
Pandemi dönemi, akut iskemik inmenin değerlendirilmesinde ve hastaların tedavi ve bakım sürecinde değişiklere neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle yeni koronavirüs hastalığı şüphesi veya varlığı durumunda, akut iskemik inme yönetiminin her aşamasında önemli sorumlulukları bulunan hemşireler tarafından gerçekleştirilen bakımın modifiye edilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu derlemede, pandemi döneminde akut iskemik inmenin değerlendirilmesi ve tedaviye özgü bakım yönetimi ele alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
- 1. World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it.URL:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. 22 Şubat 2021
- 2. Topçuoğlu MA, Arsava EM, Özdemir AÖ. COVID-19 pandemisinde akut iskemik inme tedavisi: uzman görüşü. Turkish Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2020;26(1). doi: 10.5505/tbdhd.2020.00000
- 3. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. URL:https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. 22 Şubat 2021
- 4. Barut Özen B, Güçlü Altun İ. Neurological complications related with COVID-19. South. Clin. Ist. Euras. 2020;31(Suppl):26-30
- 5. Mathew T, John SK, Sarma G, Nadig R, Kumar RS, Murgod U, et al. COVID-19-related strokes are associated with increased mortality and morbidity:a multicenter comparative study from Bengaluru, South India. Int J Stroke 2020 Dec 6:1747493020968236.
- 6. Bhatia R, Sylaja PN, Srivastava MVP, Khurana D, Pandian JD, Suri V, et al. Consensus statement - suggested recommendations for acute stroke management during the COVID-19 pandemic: expert Group on Behalf of the Indian Stroke Association. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(Suppl 1):S15-S23. doi: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_302_20.
- 7. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Yang S, Zhang S, Chen M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of covid-19 patients with a history of stroke in Wuhan, China. Stroke 2020;51(7):2219-2223. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030365.
- 8. Yaghi S, Ishida K, Torres J, Mac Grory B, Raz E, Humbert K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and stroke in a New York healthcare system. Stroke 2020;51(7):2002-2011. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030335.
- 9. Bekelis K, Missios S, Ahmad J, Labropoulos N, Schirmer CM, Calnan DR, et al. Skinner J, MacKenzie TA. Ischemic stroke occurs less frequently in patients with COVID-19: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Stroke 2020;51(12):3570-3576. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031217
- 10. Dhamoon MS, Thaler A, Gururangan K, Kohli A, Sisniega D, Wheelwright D, et al. Acute Cerebrovascular Events With COVID-19 Infection. Stroke 2021;52(1):48-56. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031668.
- 11. Markus HS, Brainin M. COVID-19 and stroke-a global World Stroke Organization perspective. Int J Stroke 2020;15(4):361-364. doi: 10.1177/1747493020923472.
- 12. Meyer D, Meyer BC, Rapp KS, Modir R, Agrawal K, Hailey L, et al. A Stroke Care Model at an Academic, Comprehensive Stroke Center During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29(8):104927. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104927. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32434728; PMCID: PMC7205687.
- 13. Oliveira KKD, Freitas RJM, Araújo JL, Gomes JGN. Nursing Now and the role of nursing in the context of pandemic and current work. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020;42(spe):e20200120. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200120. PMID: 33084790.
- 14. Catton H. Nursing in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: protecting, saving, supporting and honouring nurses. International nursing review 2020; 67(2), 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12593
- 15. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ıschemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ıschemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2019;50:e344–e418. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
- 16. Dafer RM, Osteraas ND, Biller J. Acute Stroke Care in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29(7):104881. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104881.
- 17. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) erişkin hasta tedavisi. URL: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39061/0/covid-19rehberieriskinhastatedavisipdf.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 18. Qureshi AI, Abd-Allah F, Al-Senani F, Aytac E, Borhani-Haghighi A, Ciccone A, et al. Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(5):540-554. doi: 10.1177/1747493020923234.
- 19. Smith EE, Mountain A, Hill MD, Wein TH, Blacquiere D, Casaubon LK, et al. Canadian stroke best practice guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Neurol Sci. 2020;47(4):474-478. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2020.74.
- 20. AHA/ASA Stroke Council Leadership. Temporary emergency guidance to us stroke centers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: on behalf of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council Leadership. Stroke 2020;51(6):1910-1912. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030023.
- 21. Silva GS, Schwamm LH. Use of telemedicine and other strategies to increase the number of patients that may be treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012;12:10–16.
- 22. Agarwal S, Day DJ, Sibson L, Barry PJ, Collas D, Metcalf K, et al. Thrombolysis delivery by a regional telestroke network--experience from the U.K. National Health Service. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3(1):e000408. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000408.
- 23. Rodríguez-Pardo J, Fuentes B, Alonso de Leciñana M, Campollo J, Calleja Castaño P, Carneado Ruiz J, et al. Acute stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ictus Madrid Program recommendations. Neurologia 2020;35(4):258-263. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.04.008.
- 24. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Akut iskemik inme tanı ve tedavi rehberi 2020. URL:https://bdhd.org.tr/akut-iskemik-inme-tani-ve-tedavi-rehberi-2020/. 23 Şubat 2021
- 25. Türk Nöroloji Derneği Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Bilimsel Çalışma Grubu. Akut iskemik inmede intravenöz doku plazminojen aktivatörü (tPA) kullanım cep kitabı. URL: https://www.noroloji.org.tr/haber/604/akut-iskemik-inmede-intravenoz-doku-plazminojen-aktivatoru-tpa-kullanim-cep-ki. 23 Şubat 2021
- 26. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Akut inmeli hastalara verilecek sağlık hizmetleri hakkında yönerge - https://shgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/31489/0/akut-inmeli-hastalara-verilecek-saglik-hizmetleri-hakkinda-yonergepdf.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 27. Topcuoğlu MA, Tülek Z, Boyraz S, Özdemir AÖ, Özakgül A, Güler A, et al. İnme hemşireliği: standartlar ve pratik uygulamalar kılavuzu. Türk Beyin Damar Hastaliklari Derneği ve Nöroloji Hemşireliği Derneği ortak strateji projesi. Türk Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Dergisi 2020;26(1):1-90
- 28. Khosravani H, Rajendram P, Notario L, Chapman MG, Menon BK. Protected code stroke: hyperacute stroke management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Stroke, 2020;51(6), 1891–1895. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029838
- 29. Baracchini C, Pieroni A, Viaro F, Cianci V, Cattelan AM, Tiberio I, et al. Acute stroke management pathway during Coronavirus-19 pandemic. Neurol Sci 2020;41(5):1003-1005. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04375-9. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PMID: 32270359; PMCID: PMC7141930.
- 30. Ouriel K. A history of thrombolytic therapy. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11(Suppl 2):128-133.
- 31. Hasanoğlu HC. Trombolitik tedavi: kime, ne zaman, nasıl? Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi 2015; 3(1): 34-44.
- 32. Topcuoğlu MA, Arsava EM, Özdemir AÖ, Gürkaş E, Necioğlu Örken D, Öztürk Ş. akut inme tedavisinde intravenöz trombolitik tedavi: sorunlar ve çözümler. Turk J Neurol 2017;23:162-175.
- 33. Welt FGP, Shah PB, Aronow HD, Bortnick AE, Henry TD, Sherwood MW, et al. Catheterization laboratory considerations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: from the ACC's Interventional Council and SCAI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2372-2375. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.021.
- 34. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020;382(16):1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182409; PMCID: PMC7121658.
- 35. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksı̇yonu) rehberı̇ (14 Nisan 2020). URL:https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 36. Kebapcı A. COVID-19 hastaların yoğun bakım ünitelerinde tedavi ve bakım girişimlerine ilişkin güncel yaklaşımlar. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi 2020;24(EK-1):46-56.
- 37. Brewster DJ, Chrimes N, Do TB, Fraser K, Groombridge CJ, Higgs A, Humar MJ, Leeuwenburg TJ, McGloughlin S, Newman FG, Nickson CP, Rehak A, Vokes D, Gatward JJ. Consensus statement: Safe Airway Society principles of airway management and tracheal intubation specific to the COVID-19 adult patient group. Med J Aust. 2020;212(10):472-481. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50598.
- 38. Miller GA, Buck CR, Kang CS, Aviles JM, Younggren BN, Osborn S, et al. COVID‐19 in Seattle-early lessons learned. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open 2020;1(2):85-91.
- 39. Türk Yoğun Bakım Derneği (TYBD). COVID-19 ilişkili septik şok tedavisi - TYBD bilimsel görüşü.URL:https://www.yogunbakim.org.tr/haberler/7670/COVID-19-İlişkili-Septik-Şok-Tedavisi---TYBD-Bilimsel-Görüşü. 22 Şubat 2021
- 40. Resusitasyon Derneği. (2020). COVID-19 Hastaları için erişkin ileri yaşam desteği algoritması. URL:http://resusitasyon.org/tr/etkinlikler-haberler/291-covid-19-hastalari-icin-eriskin-ileri-yasam-destegi-algoritmasi.html. 22 Şubat 2021
- 41. Ding L, Wang L, Ma W, He H. Efficacy and safety of early prone positioning combined with HFNC or NIV in moderate to severe ARDS: a multi-center prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2020;24:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2738-5
- 42. Rollas K, Şenoğlu N. Covid-19 hastalarının yoğun bakım ünitesinde yönetimi. Tepecik Eğit. ve Araşt. Hast. Dergisi 2020;30(Ek sayı):142-155
- 43. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145-147. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
- 44. Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, Guo J, Liao X, Song S, et al. Caution on kidney dysfunctions of COVID-19 patients (2020). URL: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212v2. 22 Şubat 2021
Management of Nursing Care in Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Novel Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 453 - 460, 15.10.2021
Simge Kalav
,
Sakine Boyraz
Öz
Pandemic period has led to changes in the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke and in the treatment and care process of patients. Therefore, it is important to modify the care provided by nurses, who have important responsibilities at all stages of acute ischemic stroke management, in case of suspected or presence of the novel coronavirus disease. In this review, the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke and treatment-specific care management during the pandemic period are discussed.
Kaynakça
- 1. World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it.URL:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. 22 Şubat 2021
- 2. Topçuoğlu MA, Arsava EM, Özdemir AÖ. COVID-19 pandemisinde akut iskemik inme tedavisi: uzman görüşü. Turkish Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2020;26(1). doi: 10.5505/tbdhd.2020.00000
- 3. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. URL:https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. 22 Şubat 2021
- 4. Barut Özen B, Güçlü Altun İ. Neurological complications related with COVID-19. South. Clin. Ist. Euras. 2020;31(Suppl):26-30
- 5. Mathew T, John SK, Sarma G, Nadig R, Kumar RS, Murgod U, et al. COVID-19-related strokes are associated with increased mortality and morbidity:a multicenter comparative study from Bengaluru, South India. Int J Stroke 2020 Dec 6:1747493020968236.
- 6. Bhatia R, Sylaja PN, Srivastava MVP, Khurana D, Pandian JD, Suri V, et al. Consensus statement - suggested recommendations for acute stroke management during the COVID-19 pandemic: expert Group on Behalf of the Indian Stroke Association. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(Suppl 1):S15-S23. doi: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_302_20.
- 7. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Yang S, Zhang S, Chen M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of covid-19 patients with a history of stroke in Wuhan, China. Stroke 2020;51(7):2219-2223. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030365.
- 8. Yaghi S, Ishida K, Torres J, Mac Grory B, Raz E, Humbert K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and stroke in a New York healthcare system. Stroke 2020;51(7):2002-2011. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030335.
- 9. Bekelis K, Missios S, Ahmad J, Labropoulos N, Schirmer CM, Calnan DR, et al. Skinner J, MacKenzie TA. Ischemic stroke occurs less frequently in patients with COVID-19: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Stroke 2020;51(12):3570-3576. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031217
- 10. Dhamoon MS, Thaler A, Gururangan K, Kohli A, Sisniega D, Wheelwright D, et al. Acute Cerebrovascular Events With COVID-19 Infection. Stroke 2021;52(1):48-56. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031668.
- 11. Markus HS, Brainin M. COVID-19 and stroke-a global World Stroke Organization perspective. Int J Stroke 2020;15(4):361-364. doi: 10.1177/1747493020923472.
- 12. Meyer D, Meyer BC, Rapp KS, Modir R, Agrawal K, Hailey L, et al. A Stroke Care Model at an Academic, Comprehensive Stroke Center During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29(8):104927. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104927. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32434728; PMCID: PMC7205687.
- 13. Oliveira KKD, Freitas RJM, Araújo JL, Gomes JGN. Nursing Now and the role of nursing in the context of pandemic and current work. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020;42(spe):e20200120. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200120. PMID: 33084790.
- 14. Catton H. Nursing in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: protecting, saving, supporting and honouring nurses. International nursing review 2020; 67(2), 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12593
- 15. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ıschemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ıschemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2019;50:e344–e418. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
- 16. Dafer RM, Osteraas ND, Biller J. Acute Stroke Care in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29(7):104881. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104881.
- 17. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) erişkin hasta tedavisi. URL: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39061/0/covid-19rehberieriskinhastatedavisipdf.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 18. Qureshi AI, Abd-Allah F, Al-Senani F, Aytac E, Borhani-Haghighi A, Ciccone A, et al. Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(5):540-554. doi: 10.1177/1747493020923234.
- 19. Smith EE, Mountain A, Hill MD, Wein TH, Blacquiere D, Casaubon LK, et al. Canadian stroke best practice guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Neurol Sci. 2020;47(4):474-478. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2020.74.
- 20. AHA/ASA Stroke Council Leadership. Temporary emergency guidance to us stroke centers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: on behalf of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council Leadership. Stroke 2020;51(6):1910-1912. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030023.
- 21. Silva GS, Schwamm LH. Use of telemedicine and other strategies to increase the number of patients that may be treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012;12:10–16.
- 22. Agarwal S, Day DJ, Sibson L, Barry PJ, Collas D, Metcalf K, et al. Thrombolysis delivery by a regional telestroke network--experience from the U.K. National Health Service. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3(1):e000408. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000408.
- 23. Rodríguez-Pardo J, Fuentes B, Alonso de Leciñana M, Campollo J, Calleja Castaño P, Carneado Ruiz J, et al. Acute stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ictus Madrid Program recommendations. Neurologia 2020;35(4):258-263. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.04.008.
- 24. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Akut iskemik inme tanı ve tedavi rehberi 2020. URL:https://bdhd.org.tr/akut-iskemik-inme-tani-ve-tedavi-rehberi-2020/. 23 Şubat 2021
- 25. Türk Nöroloji Derneği Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Bilimsel Çalışma Grubu. Akut iskemik inmede intravenöz doku plazminojen aktivatörü (tPA) kullanım cep kitabı. URL: https://www.noroloji.org.tr/haber/604/akut-iskemik-inmede-intravenoz-doku-plazminojen-aktivatoru-tpa-kullanim-cep-ki. 23 Şubat 2021
- 26. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Akut inmeli hastalara verilecek sağlık hizmetleri hakkında yönerge - https://shgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/31489/0/akut-inmeli-hastalara-verilecek-saglik-hizmetleri-hakkinda-yonergepdf.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 27. Topcuoğlu MA, Tülek Z, Boyraz S, Özdemir AÖ, Özakgül A, Güler A, et al. İnme hemşireliği: standartlar ve pratik uygulamalar kılavuzu. Türk Beyin Damar Hastaliklari Derneği ve Nöroloji Hemşireliği Derneği ortak strateji projesi. Türk Beyin Damar Hastalıkları Dergisi 2020;26(1):1-90
- 28. Khosravani H, Rajendram P, Notario L, Chapman MG, Menon BK. Protected code stroke: hyperacute stroke management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Stroke, 2020;51(6), 1891–1895. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029838
- 29. Baracchini C, Pieroni A, Viaro F, Cianci V, Cattelan AM, Tiberio I, et al. Acute stroke management pathway during Coronavirus-19 pandemic. Neurol Sci 2020;41(5):1003-1005. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04375-9. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PMID: 32270359; PMCID: PMC7141930.
- 30. Ouriel K. A history of thrombolytic therapy. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11(Suppl 2):128-133.
- 31. Hasanoğlu HC. Trombolitik tedavi: kime, ne zaman, nasıl? Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi 2015; 3(1): 34-44.
- 32. Topcuoğlu MA, Arsava EM, Özdemir AÖ, Gürkaş E, Necioğlu Örken D, Öztürk Ş. akut inme tedavisinde intravenöz trombolitik tedavi: sorunlar ve çözümler. Turk J Neurol 2017;23:162-175.
- 33. Welt FGP, Shah PB, Aronow HD, Bortnick AE, Henry TD, Sherwood MW, et al. Catheterization laboratory considerations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: from the ACC's Interventional Council and SCAI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2372-2375. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.021.
- 34. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020;382(16):1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182409; PMCID: PMC7121658.
- 35. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksı̇yonu) rehberı̇ (14 Nisan 2020). URL:https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf. 22 Şubat 2021
- 36. Kebapcı A. COVID-19 hastaların yoğun bakım ünitelerinde tedavi ve bakım girişimlerine ilişkin güncel yaklaşımlar. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi 2020;24(EK-1):46-56.
- 37. Brewster DJ, Chrimes N, Do TB, Fraser K, Groombridge CJ, Higgs A, Humar MJ, Leeuwenburg TJ, McGloughlin S, Newman FG, Nickson CP, Rehak A, Vokes D, Gatward JJ. Consensus statement: Safe Airway Society principles of airway management and tracheal intubation specific to the COVID-19 adult patient group. Med J Aust. 2020;212(10):472-481. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50598.
- 38. Miller GA, Buck CR, Kang CS, Aviles JM, Younggren BN, Osborn S, et al. COVID‐19 in Seattle-early lessons learned. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open 2020;1(2):85-91.
- 39. Türk Yoğun Bakım Derneği (TYBD). COVID-19 ilişkili septik şok tedavisi - TYBD bilimsel görüşü.URL:https://www.yogunbakim.org.tr/haberler/7670/COVID-19-İlişkili-Septik-Şok-Tedavisi---TYBD-Bilimsel-Görüşü. 22 Şubat 2021
- 40. Resusitasyon Derneği. (2020). COVID-19 Hastaları için erişkin ileri yaşam desteği algoritması. URL:http://resusitasyon.org/tr/etkinlikler-haberler/291-covid-19-hastalari-icin-eriskin-ileri-yasam-destegi-algoritmasi.html. 22 Şubat 2021
- 41. Ding L, Wang L, Ma W, He H. Efficacy and safety of early prone positioning combined with HFNC or NIV in moderate to severe ARDS: a multi-center prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2020;24:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2738-5
- 42. Rollas K, Şenoğlu N. Covid-19 hastalarının yoğun bakım ünitesinde yönetimi. Tepecik Eğit. ve Araşt. Hast. Dergisi 2020;30(Ek sayı):142-155
- 43. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145-147. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
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