ANTİK ÇAĞLARDAN BU YANA KİŞİSEL BORÇ İCRASINDA NE DEĞİŞTİ?

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 605 - 616, 15.06.2024

Cem Eyerci

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1357275

Öz

Bir borç işleminde karşılaşılan temerrüdün gerek borç alan ve veren taraflar ve gerekse piyasa ve toplum üzerinde olumsuz etkileri vardır. Antik çağlardan bu yana söz konusu borçların icrası için çok çeşitli yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Maalesef bu araçlar, özellikle kişisel borçlar için kullanılanlar, oldukça sert olagelmiştir. Bu çalışmada kişisel borç icrasında kullanılan araçlar değerlendirilmiş ve antik toplumlarda kullanılan araçların bazılarının bugün de kullanılmaya devam ettiği ortaya konulmuştur. Eski temerrüt düzenlemeleri konunun insani boyutunu göz ardı ederek sadece alacaklıları ve piyasayı korumayı amaçlamışken, modern yasalar, aynı zamanda, borçluların bu durumdan kurtulmalarını da gözetmektedir. Her ne kadar artık borç yüzünden ölüm ve kölelik gibi cezalar verilmiyor ve hapis cezasına çok nadir rastlanıyorsa da antik dönmelerin aracı olan borçlunun varlıklarının haczedilmesi, bazı istisnalarla, bugünün de ana yaptırım aracıdır. Günümüzde artık borç köleliği de başvurulan bir yöntem olmaktan çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, borçluların gelecekteki gelirlerinin haczedilmesi borç köleliğinin yeni bir formu olarak görülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Borç köleliği, Borç temerrüdünün yaptırımı, Kişisel borç icrası, Kişisel temerrüt

Etik Beyan

Çalışma etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışma için herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

Teşekkür

-

WHAT CHANGED IN PERSONAL DEBT ENFORCEMENT SINCE ANCIENT TIMES?

Öz

Debt default has various adverse effects on the parties of a loan transaction, namely the debtor, lender, market, and society. Many mechanisms have been developed for debt enforcement since ancient times. Unfortunately, the sanctions used in enforcement, especially for personal debts, have always been quite harsh. This paper evaluates the instruments used in personal debt enforcement. It presents that some sanctions used in ancient societies are still utilized in modern economies. While the traditional insolvency regulations focused only on protecting the lender by disregarding the humanitarian aspect, current laws also aim at the relief of defaulted individuals. Although there is no more death penalty and slavery, and are too few imprisonment practices today, the ancient instrument of seizing assets is still an essential sanction with some exemptions. Debt bondage is also not employed nowadays. However, confiscating the individuals’ future income may be considered a modern form of debt bondage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Debt bondage, Enforcement of personal debt, Personal debt default, Sanctions for default

Kaynakça

• Armour, J. (2004). Personal insolvency law and the demand for venture capital. European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR), 5 (1), 87–118.
• Armour, J., & Cumming, D. (2008). Bankruptcy law and entrepreneurship. American Law and Economics Review, 10 (2), 303–350.
• Berggren, N. (1997). Rhetoric or reality? An economic analysis of the effects of religion in Sweden. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 26 (6), 571–596.
• Boomgaard, P. (2009). Following the Debt: Credit and Debt in Southeast Asian Legal Theory and Practice, 1400–1800. In D. Henley & P. Boomgaard (Eds.), Credit and Debt in Indonesia, 860-1930 (pp. 61–79). ISEAS Publishing.
• Cohen, J. (1982). The History of Imprisonment for Debt and its Relation to the Development of Discharge in Bankruptcy. The Journal of Legal History, 3 (2), 153–171.
• Durkin, T. A. (1993). An economic perspective on interest rate limitations. Georgia State University Law Review, 9 (4).
• Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law of Turkey No:2004. (1932). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.2004.pdf
• Erdem, E. (2018). Kur’an’da riba (faiz) ayetlerinin kademeli nüzulü ve üslubu: İslam’ın ticaret, infak ve finans sistemi üzerinden bir inceleme [The gradual revelation and style of the riba (interest) verses in Quran: An enquiry regarding the trade, aid and finance system of Islam]. In T. Eğri & Z. H. Orhan (Eds.), İslam iktisadı perspektifinden faiz [Interest from the perspective of Islamic economics] (pp. 1–51). İktisat Yayınları.
• Eyerci, C. (2021). The Causes and Consequences of Interest Theory: Analyzing Interest through Conventional and Islamic Economics. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Farooq, M. (2012). Interest, usury and its impact on the economy. Dialogue, 7 (3), 265–276.
• Fozia, B., & Jamshaid, F. (2019). Return of loan and responsibility of Islamic government. Journal of Islamic Civilization and Culture, 2 (2), 22–31.
• Gessner, V., Rhode, B., Strate, G., & Ziegert, K. A. (1978). Three functions of bankruptcy law: The west german case. Law and Society Review, 12 (4), 499–543.
• Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: The first 5000 years. Melville House Publishing.
• Gross, K. (1990). Debtor as Modern Day Peon: A Problem of Unconstitutional Conditions. Notre Dame Law Revew, 65 (2), 165–205.
• Gül, A. R. (2017). İslâm’daki Faiz Yasağının Temeli Olarak Câhiliye Ribâsı Kavramı [The concept of jahiliyya usury (riba) as the basis of interest prohibition in Islam]. Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 21 (1), 701–748.
• Heuer, J. O. (2014). Rules and norms of consumer insolvency and debt relief: A comparison and classification of personal bankruptcy systems in 15 economically advanced countries [PhD Thesis]. Universität Bremen.
• Homer, S., & Sylla, R. E. (2005). A history of interest rates. John Wiley & Sons.
• Houston, W. (2008). Contending for justice: Ideologies and theologies of social justice in the Old Testament. A&C Black.
• Kilborn, J. J., Garrido, J. M., Booth, C. D., Niemi, J., & Ramsay, I. D. C. (2014). Report on the treatment of the insolvency of natural persons. World Bank.
• Law Reform Commission. (2009). Consultation Paper: Personal Debt Management and Debt Enforcement. Ireland Law Reform Commission.
• Lawal, I. M. (2016). Riba (Usury); A Tool that Should Be Carved Out of Financial Transactions. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 3 (2), 13–24.
• Levinthal, L. E. (1918). The early history of bankruptcy law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 66 (5/6), 223–250.
• Lewison, M. (1999). Conflicts of interest? The ethics of usury. Journal of Business Ethics, 22 (4), 327–339.
• Lorton, D. (1977). The treatment of criminals in ancient Egypt: Through the New Kingdom. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2–64.
• Mevdudi, E. A. (1996). Tefhimul Kuran [Tafheem ul Quran] (2nd ed., Vol. 1). İnsan.
• Poppe, C. (2008). Into the Debt Quagmire: How defaulters cope with severe debt problems [PhD Thesis]. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo.
• Reifner, U., Kiesilainen, J., Huls, N., & Springeneer, H. (2003). Consumer overindebtedness and consumer law in the European Union (p. 2017) [Final report to the Commission of the European Communities, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General].
• Rougeau, V. D. (1996). Rediscovering usury: An argument for legal controls on credit card interest rates. University of Colorado Law Review, 67 (1), 1–46.
• Sharawy, H. M. (2000). Understanding the Islamic prohibition of interest: A guide to aid economic cooperation between the Islamic and Western worlds. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 29 (1), 153–179.
• Sharma, R. S. (1965). Usury in Early Mediaeval India (AD 400–1200). Comparative Studies in Society and History, 8 (1), 56–77.
• Tabb, C. J. (1995). The history of the bankruptcy laws in the United States. American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review, 3, 5–51.
• Topuz, G. (2016). The Rule Of Non-Seizability Of The Pension Prescribed By The Law No. 5510 and Thoughts On The Constitutionality Of This Rule [5510 sayılı kanunda öngörülen emekli aylığının haczedilmezliği kuralı ve bu kuralın anayasaya uygunluğu üzerine düşünceler]. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 65 (4), 3017–3052.
• Uludağ, S. (1988). İslamda Faiz Meselesine Yeni Bir Bakış [A New View on the Issue of Interest in Islam]. Dergah Yayınları.
• Vincent, J. (2014). Historical, religious and scholastic prohibition of usury: The common origins of Western and Islamic financial practices. Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 600.
• Visser, W. A., & McIntosh, A. (1998). A short review of the historical critique of usury. Accounting, Business & Financial History, 8 (2), 175–189.
• White, M. J. (2009). Bankruptcy: Past puzzles, recent reforms, and the mortgage crisis. American Law and Economics Review, 11 (1), 1–23.
• Yavaş, M. (2009). Confiscation of Salaries and Wages [Maaş ve Ücret Haczi]. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 84, 93–120.
• Yusoff, S. S. M., Soh, T. B. H. T., & Hasan, R. (2019). Debt Management Program for Banking and Islamic Banking Facilities in Malaysia: From the Sharī’ah and Legal Perspective. In R. Haron & A. Abdullah (Eds.), Islamic Fund and Wealth Management: A Way Forward (pp. 315–326). Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance.