SOCIAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF CYCLING IN ALTERNATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORTATION SUITABLE TO URBAN FABRIC
Öz
While cities are
clearly under a great deal of pressure to restructure their economies in order to
remain or become globally competitive, there is an emerging argument that
economic development strategies that ignore social development and citizenship
dimensions are not only shortsighted, but doomed to failure. Cities everywhere
are struggling to develop strategic responses to vast and rapid economic
changes brought about by globalization while mediating the social impact of
economic change.
In recent years,
cycling has taken attention of public as sustainable urban transport in
consequence of reduction in private cars and urban air pollution, also by being
beneficial to human health in the increasing chronical non-contagious diseases
and increasing physical activities.
In this study, cycling
in urban transportation have been studied by comparison as literature by
exemplifying transportation to colleges in USA and cycling practices in bicycle
culture tours at European Union countries and France. “Dumlupınar University
Evliya Çelebi Cycle Road Project” planned in a university in Turkey for the
first time and coordinated by me presented to and Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization and after being accepted, put into practice with the cost
efficiency data.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Alternative transportation Bicycle Bicycle way Environmental transportation
Kaynakça
- A Guide to Transportation Decisionmaking
- BARWALDT, M.S., FRANZIN, R.de F., vd. (2014) “Using the theory of graphs on the implementation of bike lane in small towns”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 162, ss.350 – 358
- Borjesson, M., Eliasson, J., (2012) The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal, Transportation Research Part A 46, 673–683
- Bramwell, A., (2010) “Urban Governance And Workforce Development In Three Ontario Cities”, Political Science University of Toronto, thesis
- Caggiani, L., Ottomanelli, M., (2012) “A modular soft computing based method for vehicles repositioning in bike-sharing systems”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 54 ss. 675 – 684)
- Çevre Ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, (2012) Çevre Yönetimi Genel müdürlüğü Bisiklet Yolu Klavuzu, Ankara, ss.1-18
- Dondi, G., Simone, A, Lantieri, C. Vignali V., (2011), “Bike lane design: the context sensitive approach”, Procedia Engineering S.21, ss.897 – 906
- Dwyer, L., (2014), “For the Love of Money: France Is Paying People to Bike to Work”, http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/06/05/france-paying-people-bike-work, (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- European Commission, (2012). “Directorate general for mobility and transport. In Toward low Carbon transport in Europe”. European Union.
- EPRS, European Parliamentary Research Service, (2015), “Cycling mobility in the EU”, Members' Research Service PE 557.013, ss.1-8
- Fields, K.M., (2006), “Bicycle Friendly University Comunities", Michigan Technological University, For the degree of Doctor Of Philosphy Civil Engineering thesis.
- Francoa, L.P.C., Camposa, V., B. Gouvêa, Monteiroa, F.B. (2014), “A Characterisation of Commuter Bicycle Trips”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science, Issue I111 ss.1165 – 1174.
- Goldsmith, H.R., (1994) An Analysis Of Economic Development Variables Critical To Strategic Plainning For Economic Competitiveness, Texas A&M University, thesis.
- Hamanna, C., Peek-Asab,C., (2010), “On-road bicycle facilities and bicycle crashes in Iowa”, 2007–2010, , Accident Analysis and Prevention S.56 ss.103– 109
- Handy, S., McCann, B., (2011), “The Regional Response to Federal Funding for Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects”, Journal of the American Planning Association, V.77, No. 1, ss.23-38)
- Herlihy, D.V. (2004). Bicycle: The History. Yale University Press.
- Horton, D. (2007) ‘Fear of Cycling’. In: Horton, D.,P. Rosen and P. Cox (eds.) Cycling and Society. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 133-152.
- Iseki, H., Tingstrom, M., (2014) “A new approach for bikeshed analysis with consideration of topography, street connectivity, and energy consumption”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 48 ss.166–177
- Jacobsen, H., (2013), “‘Bicycle highways’ help save healthcare costs in Northern Europe”, (4 Nisan 2013), https://www.euractiv.com/section/health-consumers/news/bicycle-highways-help-save-healthcare-costs-in-northern-europe/ (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Martens, K., 2004. “The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from three European countries”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment Volume 9, Issue 4, ss. 281–294
- Mayor, M.K., (2014) Copenhagen City Of Cyclists The Bicycle Account Technical and Environmental Administration,
- McLoughlin, Rt.H.P., (2013), “Government shifts cycling up a gear”, http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/3018.html (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Molina, J., (2014) “The Case for Crowdsourcing in Bicycle Planning: An Exploratory Study”, Masters of Arts Thesis, Tufts University
- OBİS (Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities, (2011) A Handbook, IEE/07/682/SI2.499209.
- Passafaro, P., Rimano, A., vd. (2014) “The bicycle and the city: Desires and emotions versus attitudes, habits and norms”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, S.38, ss.76-83
- Peck, C., (2012), “EU Transport Committee agrees to include cycling in major transport fund”, http://www.cyclinguk.org/eu-transport-committee-agrees-to-include-cycling-in-major-transport-fund (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Pelzer, P. (2010) “Bicycling as a Way of Life. A comparative case study of Bicycle Culture in Portland and Amsterdam”, University of Amsterdam Research Master in Metropolitan Studies Master Thesis,
- Phdungsilp, A., (2011), “Futures studies’ backcasting method used for strategic sustainable city planning”, Futures S.43 ss.707–714.
- Pratta, R., (2013), “France experiments with paying people to cycle to work”, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-bicycles-idUSKBN0ED1O120140602 (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Rietveld, P., Daniel, V., (2004) ’Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?’ Transportation Research Part A, 38, ss.531-550.
- Rodrigeuez, C., (2011). A Case Study of American Bicycle Culture: How Cycling to Work Works in a Small Town in Kansas, June 8, 2011 Thesis
- Sheller, M., Urry, J., (2000) ‘The City and the Car’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 24, No. 4, ss.737-757.
- Shanghai, M., (2010) “Sustainable Urban Transport” A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century, Expo 2010.
- Strauss, J., Moreno, L.M., Crouse, D., Mark S. Goldberg, N.A. Ross, M.H., (2012), “Investigating the link between cyclist volumes and air pollution along bicycle facilities in a dense urban core”, Transportation Research Part D 17 ss.619–625
- Wachtel, A. & Lewiston, D., (1994) "Risk Factors for Bicycle/Motor Vehicle Collisions at Intersections," ITE Journal, Vol. 64, No. 9, pages 30-35.
- Whannell, P., Whannell, R. ve White, R., (2012) “Tertiary student attitudes to bicycle commuting in a regional Australian university”, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education Vol. 13 No. 1, ss. 34-45
- Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Duan, Z., Bryde, D., (2015) “Sustainable bike-sharing systems: characteristics and commonalities across cases in urban China”, Journal of Cleaner Production Issue 97, ss. 124-133
Öz
Kentler kendi
ekonomilerini küresel rekabetçi olmasını sürdürmek için büyük bir yeniden
yapılandırma baskısı altında iken, sosyal gelişim ve vatandaşlık boyutlarını
gözardı ederek, ekonomik kalkınma stratejileri geliştirmeleri sadece kısa
görüşlü değil, aynı zamanda başarısızlığa mahkum bir argümandır. Kentler her
yerde ekonomik değişimin sosyal etkilerini tasarlama yaparlarken küreselleşmenin
getirdiği geniş ve hızlı ekonomik değişimlere stratejik tepkiler geliştirmek
için mücadele etmektedirler. Son yıllarda, özel otomobil yolculuğunun
azaltılması ve kentsel hava kirliliğinin azaltılması yoluyla ilişkili yükünün
azaltılması ile artan kronik bulaşıcı olmayan hastalık ve artan fiziksel
aktivite ile önemli sağlık yararları nedeniyle bisiklet kullanımı
sürdürülebilir bir ulaşım olarak kamuoyunun dikkatini çekmiştir. Bu çalışma da şehir
içi ulaşımda bisiklet kullanımının Amerika’da üniversitelere ulaşımda, Avrupa
Birliği Avrupa Şehirlerinde ve Fransa’da bisikletli kültür turlarında bisiklet
kullanım uygulamaları karşılaştırma yapılarak literatür olarak incelenmiştir. Uygulama
olarak Türkiye’de üniversite olarak ilk projelendirilen Çevre ve Şehircilik
Bakanlığına sunulan ve kabul edilen proje koordinatörlüğünü yürüttüğüm
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Evliya Çelebi Bisiklet Yolu Projesi uygulaması maliyet
verileri ile uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- A Guide to Transportation Decisionmaking
- BARWALDT, M.S., FRANZIN, R.de F., vd. (2014) “Using the theory of graphs on the implementation of bike lane in small towns”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 162, ss.350 – 358
- Borjesson, M., Eliasson, J., (2012) The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal, Transportation Research Part A 46, 673–683
- Bramwell, A., (2010) “Urban Governance And Workforce Development In Three Ontario Cities”, Political Science University of Toronto, thesis
- Caggiani, L., Ottomanelli, M., (2012) “A modular soft computing based method for vehicles repositioning in bike-sharing systems”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 54 ss. 675 – 684)
- Çevre Ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, (2012) Çevre Yönetimi Genel müdürlüğü Bisiklet Yolu Klavuzu, Ankara, ss.1-18
- Dondi, G., Simone, A, Lantieri, C. Vignali V., (2011), “Bike lane design: the context sensitive approach”, Procedia Engineering S.21, ss.897 – 906
- Dwyer, L., (2014), “For the Love of Money: France Is Paying People to Bike to Work”, http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/06/05/france-paying-people-bike-work, (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- European Commission, (2012). “Directorate general for mobility and transport. In Toward low Carbon transport in Europe”. European Union.
- EPRS, European Parliamentary Research Service, (2015), “Cycling mobility in the EU”, Members' Research Service PE 557.013, ss.1-8
- Fields, K.M., (2006), “Bicycle Friendly University Comunities", Michigan Technological University, For the degree of Doctor Of Philosphy Civil Engineering thesis.
- Francoa, L.P.C., Camposa, V., B. Gouvêa, Monteiroa, F.B. (2014), “A Characterisation of Commuter Bicycle Trips”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science, Issue I111 ss.1165 – 1174.
- Goldsmith, H.R., (1994) An Analysis Of Economic Development Variables Critical To Strategic Plainning For Economic Competitiveness, Texas A&M University, thesis.
- Hamanna, C., Peek-Asab,C., (2010), “On-road bicycle facilities and bicycle crashes in Iowa”, 2007–2010, , Accident Analysis and Prevention S.56 ss.103– 109
- Handy, S., McCann, B., (2011), “The Regional Response to Federal Funding for Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects”, Journal of the American Planning Association, V.77, No. 1, ss.23-38)
- Herlihy, D.V. (2004). Bicycle: The History. Yale University Press.
- Horton, D. (2007) ‘Fear of Cycling’. In: Horton, D.,P. Rosen and P. Cox (eds.) Cycling and Society. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 133-152.
- Iseki, H., Tingstrom, M., (2014) “A new approach for bikeshed analysis with consideration of topography, street connectivity, and energy consumption”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 48 ss.166–177
- Jacobsen, H., (2013), “‘Bicycle highways’ help save healthcare costs in Northern Europe”, (4 Nisan 2013), https://www.euractiv.com/section/health-consumers/news/bicycle-highways-help-save-healthcare-costs-in-northern-europe/ (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Martens, K., 2004. “The bicycle as a feedering mode: experiences from three European countries”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment Volume 9, Issue 4, ss. 281–294
- Mayor, M.K., (2014) Copenhagen City Of Cyclists The Bicycle Account Technical and Environmental Administration,
- McLoughlin, Rt.H.P., (2013), “Government shifts cycling up a gear”, http://www.roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/3018.html (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Molina, J., (2014) “The Case for Crowdsourcing in Bicycle Planning: An Exploratory Study”, Masters of Arts Thesis, Tufts University
- OBİS (Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities, (2011) A Handbook, IEE/07/682/SI2.499209.
- Passafaro, P., Rimano, A., vd. (2014) “The bicycle and the city: Desires and emotions versus attitudes, habits and norms”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, S.38, ss.76-83
- Peck, C., (2012), “EU Transport Committee agrees to include cycling in major transport fund”, http://www.cyclinguk.org/eu-transport-committee-agrees-to-include-cycling-in-major-transport-fund (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Pelzer, P. (2010) “Bicycling as a Way of Life. A comparative case study of Bicycle Culture in Portland and Amsterdam”, University of Amsterdam Research Master in Metropolitan Studies Master Thesis,
- Phdungsilp, A., (2011), “Futures studies’ backcasting method used for strategic sustainable city planning”, Futures S.43 ss.707–714.
- Pratta, R., (2013), “France experiments with paying people to cycle to work”, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-bicycles-idUSKBN0ED1O120140602 (Erişim tarihi, 15.11.2016)
- Rietveld, P., Daniel, V., (2004) ’Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?’ Transportation Research Part A, 38, ss.531-550.
- Rodrigeuez, C., (2011). A Case Study of American Bicycle Culture: How Cycling to Work Works in a Small Town in Kansas, June 8, 2011 Thesis
- Sheller, M., Urry, J., (2000) ‘The City and the Car’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 24, No. 4, ss.737-757.
- Shanghai, M., (2010) “Sustainable Urban Transport” A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century, Expo 2010.
- Strauss, J., Moreno, L.M., Crouse, D., Mark S. Goldberg, N.A. Ross, M.H., (2012), “Investigating the link between cyclist volumes and air pollution along bicycle facilities in a dense urban core”, Transportation Research Part D 17 ss.619–625
- Wachtel, A. & Lewiston, D., (1994) "Risk Factors for Bicycle/Motor Vehicle Collisions at Intersections," ITE Journal, Vol. 64, No. 9, pages 30-35.
- Whannell, P., Whannell, R. ve White, R., (2012) “Tertiary student attitudes to bicycle commuting in a regional Australian university”, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education Vol. 13 No. 1, ss. 34-45
- Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Duan, Z., Bryde, D., (2015) “Sustainable bike-sharing systems: characteristics and commonalities across cases in urban China”, Journal of Cleaner Production Issue 97, ss. 124-133
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Aralık 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 Afro-Avrasya Özel Sayısı |
Kaynak Göster
Dergimiz EBSCOhost, ULAKBİM/Sosyal Bilimler Veri Tabanında, SOBİAD ve Türk Eğitim İndeksi'nde yer alan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir.