Küreselleşmenin Ulusların Çevresel Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 64, 162 - 174, 22.04.2020

Sema Yiğit

Öz

Toplumların hayatlarının her alanını etkileyen küreselleşmenin pek tabii çevre üzerinde de etkisi olacaktır. Çevreyle ilgili sorunların ve buna bağlı olarak çevresel duyarlılığın giderek daha fazla artması ile ülkelerin çevresel performanslarını ölçme ve değerlendirmeleri son yıllarda daha çok önem kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda küreselleşmenin ülkelerin çevresel performanslarına etkisini belirlemeye yönelik yapılan bu çalışmada, ekonomik, sosyal ve politik küreselleşme boyutlarından oluşan ve İsviçre Ekonomi Enstitüsü tarafından yayınlanan KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi ile yine ülkelerin çevresel performansını çok yönlü ölçmeye imkân tanıyan ve Yale Çevre Hukuku ve Politikası Merkezi tarafından yayınlanan Çevresel Performans Endeksinden (ÇPE) yararlanılmıştır. Gayri safi yurt içi hasılanın kontrol değişkeni olarak dâhil edildiği bu çalışmada üç değişkenin de ortak olarak verilerinin bulunduğu 174 ülkenin verileri ile analizler yapılmıştır. Model, yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM) vasıtasıyla çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre küreselleşmenin sosyal ve politik boyutlarının çevresel performansa pozitif yönde etki yaptıkları görülmüştür. Ekonomik küreselleşmenin ise çevresel performans üzerindeki etkisi anlamlı değildir. Bununla birlikte GSYİH, politik küreselleşme ile çevresel performans arasındaki pozitif ilişkiyi güçlendirirken, sosyal küreselleşme ile çevresel performans arasındaki pozitif ilişkiyi zayıflatmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küreselleşme, Çevresel Performans, KOF Küreselleşme Endeksi, Çevresel Performans Endeksi

The Impact of Globalization on Envıronmental Performance of Nations

Öz

Globalization, which affects every aspect of societies also have an impact on the environment. In recent years, it has become more important for countries to measure and evaluate their environmental performance as environmental problems and consequently environmental awareness increases. In this context, the KOF Globalization Index published by the Swiss Economic Institute, which is composed of economic, social and political globalization dimensions and The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) published by the Yale Environmental Law and Policy Centre, which measures the environmental performance extensively were used to determine the impact of globalization on the environmental performance of countries. In this study, where the gross domestic product was included as a control variable, analyses were made with the data of 174 countries in which all three variables have common data. Multiple regression analysis by employing structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the relationships in the model. According to the results of the analysis, social and political dimensions of globalization have positive effects on environmental performance. The impact of economic globalization on environmental performance is not significant. Besides, GDP strengthens the positive relationship between political globalization and environmental performance, while weakening the positive relationship between social globalization and environmental performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Globalization, Environmental Performance, KOF Globalization Index, Environmental Performance Index

Kaynakça

• Behrman, J. N. (2008). Obstacles to globalization: A research agenda. Global Strategic Management, 14,203–228.
• Boyce, J. K. (2004). Green and brown? Globalization and the environment. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(1),105-128.
• Bu, M., Lin, C.‐T., & Zhang, B. (2016). Globalization and climate change: New empirical panel data evidence. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30(3), 577-595.
• Chung, C., & Gillespie, B. (1998). Globalisation and the Environment: New Challenges for the Public and Private Sectors. OECD içinde, Globalisation and the environment perspectives from OECD and dynamic non-member economies (s. 7-16). Paris: OECD Proceedings.
• Cole, M. A. (2004). Trade, the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve: examining the linkages. Ecological Economics, 48(1),71-81. Conley, T. (2000). Defining and understanding economic globalisation. Policy, Organisation & Society , 19(1), 87-115.
• Doğan, B., & Değer, O. (2016). How globalization and economic growth affect energy consumption: Panel data analysis in the sample of Brazil, Russia, India, China countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(4), 806-813. Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091–1110.
• Dreher, A., Gaston, N., & Martens, P. (2008). Measuring globalisation gauging its consequences. New York: Springer.
• Dreher, A., Gaston, N., Martens, P., & Boxem, L. V. (2010). Measuring globalization- opening the black box. A critical analysis of globalization indices. Globalistics and Globalization Studies, 1(1), 166–185.
• Esty, D., & Porter, M. E. (2002). Ranking national environmental regulation and performance: A Leading indicator of future competitiveness? M. E. Porter, J. D. Sachs, P. K. Cornelius, J. W. McArthur, & K. Schwab içinde, The global competitiveness report 2001–2002 (s. 78-101). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Figge, L., Oebels, K., & Offermans, A. (2017). The effects of globalization on ecological footprints: An empirical analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(3),863–876.
• Fiorino, D. J. (2011). Explaining national environmental performance: Approaches, evidence, and implications. Policy Sciences, 44(4),367-389.
• Gallagher, K. P. (2009). Economic globalization and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34(1), 279–304.
• Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index – revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543–574.
• Hammond, C., & Grosse, R. (2003). Rich man, poor man: Resources on globalization. Reference Services Review, 31(3),285-295. Heywood, A. (2013). Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Hsu, A., & Zomer, A. (2016). Environmental performance index. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, 1-5.
• Kalaycı, C., & Hayaloğlu, P. (2019). The impact of economic globalization on CO2 emissions: The case of NAFTA countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1),356-360.
• Khan, M. K., Teng, J.-Z., Khan, M. I., & Khan, M. O. (2019). Impact of globalization, economic factors and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 688(20),424-436.
• KOF. (2019, Kasım 22). Measures. KOF Globalisation Index: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/media/press-releases/2018/12/kof-globalisation-index-globalisation-lull-continues.html adresinden erişildi.
• Lankoski, L. (2009). Linkages between environmental policy and competitiveness. OECD Environment Working Papers No. 13. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/218446820583.pdf?expires=1575979570&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E9657F2883DD7D616F30787F334FCE9A adresinden erişildi.
• Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2018). Is economic globalization good or bad for the environmental quality? New evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 137,340-343.
• Martens, P., & Raza, M. (2010). Is globalisation sustainable? Sustainability , 2(1), 280-293.
• Meadowcroft, J. (2014). Comparing environmental performance. A. Duit içinde, State and environment the comparative study of environmental governance (s. 27-52). London: The MIT Press .
• Pacione, M. (2009). Urban geography a global perspective (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.
• Panayotou, T. (2000, Temmuz). Globalization and environment. Cambridge: Harvard University CID Working Paper Series 53. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/39569837/053.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y adresinden erişildi.
• Pereira, J. V. (2012). Globalization, technology, and environment. C. N. Madu, & C.-h. Kuei içinde, Handbook of Sustainability Management (s. 187-204). London: World Scientific. Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental degradation: The role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. Journal of Environmental Management, 253(1),1-8. Ritzer, G., & Dean, P. (2015). Globalization: a basic text. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
• Sandu, A., & Bănică, A. (2015). Assessing the local environmental performance in western moldavia (Romania). Present Environment and Sustainable Development, 9(1),63-79. Sasana, H., Prakoso, J. A., & Setyaningsih, Y. (2018). The impact of globalization agains environmental condition in Indonesia. International Confrence on Energy, Enviromental and Information System. Semarang, Indonesia.
• Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J., Mahalik, M. K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). Does globalisation worsen environmental quality in developed economies? Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 23(2):141–156.
• Shahzadi, A., Yaseen, M. R., & Anwar, S. (2019). Relationship between globalization and environmental degradation in low income countries: An application of Kuznet Curve. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 12(19),1-13.
• Shuey, R. (2001). Globalization: Implications for U.S. National Security. CRS Report for Congress.
• https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20010615_RL31018_31078adbb50e98426ae6553329b150d507ad80e1.pdf adresinden erişildi. Steger, M. B. (2013). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Tisdell, C. (2001). Globalisation and sustainability: environmental Kuznets curve and the WTO. Ecological Economics , 39(2), 185-196.
• Weiß, J., Sachs, A., & Weinelt, H. (2018). 2018 Globalization report who benefits most from globalization? Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-stiftung. Yale University. (2018). 2018 Environmental Performance Index. Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/downloads/epi2018policymakerssummaryv01.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Zinkina, J., Korotayev, A., & Andreev, A. I. (2013). Measuring globalization: Existing methods and their implications for teaching Global Studies and forecasting. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 30(5), 321-339.