Araştırma Makalesi
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Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya'nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 71, 75 - 92, 28.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.983912

Öz

Günümüzde devletlerin Endüstri 4.0 üzerinden nasıl bir meydan okuma ile karşı karşıya kaldıkları ve devletler ile şirketlerin küresel çaplı ekonomik yarışı nasıl etkiledikleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle dünya ekonomisinin 1. Sanayi Devrimi’nden 4. Sanayi Devrimi’ne tarihsel gelişimi – ortaya çıkaran faktörler, temel nedenler ve sonuçlar üzerinden – özetlenmekte, bu çerçevede Almanya’nın farklılaşan performans bilançolarına ışık tutulmaktadır. Sanayi devrimlerinin tecrübelerinde değişmeyen başarı anahtarı, teknolojik yenilikçiliğin teknik ve beşeri boyutlarda gerçekleştirilmesi olarak tezahür etmektedir. Makalede ikinci ve odak olarak, “Almanya, Endüstri 4.0 sürecini nasıl yönetmektedir?” sorusu ile bu ülkenin son devrimdeki çalışmaları analiz edilmektedir. Son tahlilde iddia edilmektedir ki, Almanya, Endüstri 4.0’ın mecbur kıldığı dijital dönüşüme – yapısal ve teknik bağlamlarda ciddi eksikliklerine rağmen – kayda değer derecede önem atfetmekte ve tedbirlerini almaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abolhassan, F. (Der.) (2017). The Drivers of Digital Transformation: Why There’s No Way Around the Cloud. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Aiginger, K. ve Bauer, T. (2016). Industriepolitik 2.0. Erişim adresi: http://archiv.wirtschaftsdienst.eu/jahr/2016/8/industriepolitik-20/#footnote-32982-4-backlink.
  • Allen, C. S. (2010). Ideas, Institutions and Organized Capitalism: The German Model of Political Economy Twenty Years after Unification. German Politics and Society, 28(2), 130-150.
  • Almanya Ekonomik ve Enerji Bakanlığı. (2014). Digitale Agenda 2014–2017. The Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy. Erişim adresi: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/digital-agenda-2014-2017.pdf ?__blob=publicationFile&v=1.
  • Almanya Ekonomik ve Enerji Bakanlığı. (2016). Digitale Strategies 2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Digitale-Welt/digitale-strategie-2025.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=18.
  • Audretsch, D. ve Lehmann, E. (2016). The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2017). Digital Transformation Monitor Germany: Industrie 4.0. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/dem/monitor/sites/default/files/DTM_Industrie%204.0.-pdf.
  • Beise, M. ve Stahl, H. (1999). Public Research and Industrial Innovations in Germany. Research Policy, 28(4), 397-422.
  • Berger, R. (2016). Fair Play in der digitalen Welt: Wie Europa für Plattformen den richtigen Rahmen setzt. Internet Economy Foundation (IE.F). Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/roland_berger_ief_plattformstudie_de_final.pdf.
  • Berghahn, V. R. (1987). Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Die Bundesregierung. (2015). Speech of Chancellor Merkel at the 2015 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum on 22 January 2015. Erişim adresi: https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/DE/Rede/2015/01/2015-01-22-merkel-wef.html.
  • BITKOM/ Frauenhofer IAO. (2014). Industrie 4.0 – Volkswirtschaftliches Potenzial für Deutschland. Erişim adresi: https://www.bitkom.org/Publikationen/2014/Studien/Studie-Industrie-4-0-Volkswirtschaftliches-Potenzial-fuer-Deutschland/Studie-Industrie-40.pdf.
  • Bohme, H. (1978). An Introduction to the Social and Economic History of Germany: Politics and Economic Change in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bosch. (2017). Sanayinin Kısa Tarihi. Erişim adresi: https://www.sanayidegelecek.com/sanayi-4-0/tarihsel-gelisim/.
  • Braun, H.-J. (1990). The German Economy in the Twentieth Century: The German Reich and the Federal Republic. London: Routledge.
  • Brinkmann, C. (1933). The Place of Germany in the Economic History of the Nineteenth Century. Economic History Review, 4(2), 129–146.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Lehmann, E.E. and Schenkenhofer, J. (2018), Internationalization strategies of hidden champions: lessons from Germany, Multinational Business Review, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 2-24.
  • Buse, D. K. ve Doerr, J. (1998). Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871-1990. New York and London: Garland Publishing.
  • Butschan, J. (2018). Die Relevanz des Humankapitals im Kontext von Industrie 4.0. Eine empirische Untersuchung der notwendigen Kompetenzen für digitale Transformationsprozesse. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
  • Canbolat, İ. (2019). Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya. H. Bağcı, İ. Ermağan ve B. Gümüş (Der.), Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya 1 içinde (ss. 1-28). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Clapham, J. H. (1921). The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Detlef, G. (2010). Wirtschaftsatlas Deutschland. Berlin: Rowohlt.
  • Deutsche Welle. (2016, Mart 15). Almanya’nın dijital taarruzu. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/tr/almanyan%C4%B1n-dijital-taarruzu/a-19117247.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Tarihsel Süreç İçinde Dünya Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (t.y.). Germany. Erişim adresi: https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Politics-1890-1914.
  • Ermağan, İ ve Ermağan, E (2020). Boğaz’dan Alanya’ya Türkiye’de Almanlar. A. Cihan, İ. Ermağan, H. Genç (Der.), Dünyada Göç Yönetimi ve Türkiye'nin Göçmenleri: Göçü Nasıl Yönetmeli? içinde (ss. 341-385). İstanbul: Akademik Kitaplar.
  • European Commission. (t.y.). Shaping the Digital Single Market. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/shaping-digital-single-market
  • Florida, R. ve King, K. (2016). Rise of the Global Startup City: The Geography of Venture Capital Investment in Cities and Metros across the Globe. Martin Prosperity Institute, University of Toronto.
  • Florida, R., Mellander, C. ve King, K. (2015). The Global Creativity Index 2015. Martin Prosperity Institute. Rotman School of Management. University of Toronto
  • Gardner, M. (2011). Germany: Shortage of science graduates alarming. Erişim adresi: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20111209201100962.
  • Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness In Historical Perspective. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Goldin, C. ve Katz, L. (2010). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
  • Henderson, W. O. (1938). The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Hertsch, M. F. (2019). Almanya’nın Tarihi – Başlangıçtan 1871’e Kadar. H. Bağcı, İ. Ermağan ve B. Gümüş (Der.) Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya 1 içinde (ss.29-52). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Heide, D. (2016). Der Traum vom deutschen Google. Handelsblatt.
  • Hermani, U. P. (2018). Förderung von Flexibilität, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Beschäftigung im deutschen Maschinenbau. Initiativen von Unternehmen, Verbänden und Politik. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
  • Kagermann, H./Anderl, R./Gausemeier, J./Schuh, G./Wahlster, W. (Der.) (2016). Industrie 4.0 im globalen Kontext: Strategien der Zusammenarbeit mit internationalen Partnern. (acatech STUDIE), München: Herbert Utz Verlag.
  • Keizai Koho Sentaa (1983). Japan: An International Comparison. Tokyo: Keizai Koho Senta,
  • Kollmann, T. ve Schmidt, H. (2016). Deutschland 4.0: Wie die Digitale Transformation gelingt. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
  • Kwon, S., Lee, J. ve Lee, S. (2017). International Trends in Technological Progress: Evidence from Patent Citations. The Economic Journal, 127(605), 50-70.
  • Leurent, H. ve Boer, E. D. (2019). Fourth Industrial Revolution Beacons of Technology and Innovation in Manufacturing. White Paper / World Economic Forum.
  • Neuerer, D. (2017). Deutsche wollen Autobauer haftbar machen. Handelsblatt, Erişimadresi: http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/unfaelle-mit-autopilot-deutsche-wollen-autobauer-haftbar-machen/19394210.html.
  • Popławski, K. ve Bajczuk, R. (2019). Industry 4.0 Germany’s new industrial policy. Warsaw: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia. Centre for Eastern Studies.
  • PwC. (2017). The Long View How will the global economic order change by 2050? London: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
  • Reger, G. ve Kuhlmann, S. (1995). European Technology Policy in Germany. The Impact of European Community Policies upon Science and Technology in Germany. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
  • Rittershausen, J. R. B. (2007). The postwar West German economic transition: From ordoliberalism to Keynesianism. (IWP Discussion Paper, No. 2007/1). Universität zu Köln, Institut für Wirtschaftspolitik (iwp). Erişim adresi: https://ideas.repec.org/p/kln/iwpdip/dp01-07.html.
  • Rifkin, J. (2013). Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Sanayileşme Süreci Almanya. (2019). Hocalara Geldik. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYctNkxSrt8.
  • Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Business.
  • Schweer, D. ve Sahl, J. C. (2017). The Digital Transformation of Industry – The Benefit for Germany. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Schreier, J. (2020). Industrie 4.0: Deutsche Unternehmen geben sich selbstbewusst. Erişim adresi: https://www.industry-of-things.de/industrie-40-deutsche-unternehmen-geben-sich-selbstbewusst-a-933637/.
  • Schroeder, W. (2016). Germany’s Industry 4.0 strategy, Rhine capitalism in the age of digitalisation. London: The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Spicka, M. E. (2007). Selling the Economic Miracle: Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany 1949–1957. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Stearns, P. N. (2012). The Industrial Revolution in World History. Colo: Westview Press.
  • Staufen AG and Staufen Digital Neonex GmbH (2018). German Industry 4.0 Index 2018. Staufen.AG Consulting. Academy Investment. Köngen.
  • Subramanian, A. (2011). Global economic dominance. Spheres of influence. The Economist. Erişim adresi: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2011/09/09/spheres-of-influence.
  • Tarih ve Bilim Vitae Magistra (2017). Almanya Neden Güçlü. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeOjxtxc8po.
  • Tutar, H., Terzi, D. ve Tınmaz, G. (2018). Türkiye’nin ‘Vizyon 2023’ stratejisi ile Almanya’nın ‘2025’ Stratejik Hedeflerinin Endüstri 4.0 Göstergeleri İtibariyle Karşılaştırılması. International Journal Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries Dergisi, 2(3), 195-212.
  • Watson, P. (2010). The German Genius: Europes Third Renaissance, the Second Scientic Revolution and the Twentieth Century. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Weber, M. (2011). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (M. Köktürk, Çev.). Ankara: Bilgesu Yayıncılık. (Orijinal eserin yayın tarihi 1905).
  • Weightman, G. (2009). Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World 1776-1914. New York: Grove Press.
  • Yalçıner, A. Y. (2020). Endüstri 4.0’dan Toplum 5.0’a: Kavramsal Çerçeve. S. Çiğdem ve A. Boztaş (Der.), Endüstri 4.0’dan Toplum 5.0’a Güncel Yaklaşımlar içinde (ss.1-28). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.

Germany's Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Evolutionary Process of the World Economy

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 71, 75 - 92, 28.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.983912

Öz

Today, it is important to know what kind of challenges the states face with the Industry 4.0 and how companies, as well as states, affect the global economic race. In this study, first of all, the historical development of the world economy from the 1st Industrial Revolution to the 4th Industrial Revolution –based on the emerging factors, root causes, and consequences– is summarized and, in this context, Germany’s respective performance balance sheets are clarified. The unchanging key to success in the experiences of industrial revolutions manifests itself as the realization of technological innovation in technical and human dimensions. Secondly and focally, the article analyzes the studies undertaken in this country during the latest revolution with the question of "How does Germany manage the Industry 4.0 process?" In the final analysis, it is claimed that Germany attaches considerable importance to the digital transformation required by the Industry 4.0 –despite its serious shortcomings in structural and technical contexts– and tries to take due measures accordingly.

Kaynakça

  • Abolhassan, F. (Der.) (2017). The Drivers of Digital Transformation: Why There’s No Way Around the Cloud. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Aiginger, K. ve Bauer, T. (2016). Industriepolitik 2.0. Erişim adresi: http://archiv.wirtschaftsdienst.eu/jahr/2016/8/industriepolitik-20/#footnote-32982-4-backlink.
  • Allen, C. S. (2010). Ideas, Institutions and Organized Capitalism: The German Model of Political Economy Twenty Years after Unification. German Politics and Society, 28(2), 130-150.
  • Almanya Ekonomik ve Enerji Bakanlığı. (2014). Digitale Agenda 2014–2017. The Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy. Erişim adresi: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/digital-agenda-2014-2017.pdf ?__blob=publicationFile&v=1.
  • Almanya Ekonomik ve Enerji Bakanlığı. (2016). Digitale Strategies 2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Digitale-Welt/digitale-strategie-2025.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=18.
  • Audretsch, D. ve Lehmann, E. (2016). The Seven Secrets of Germany: Economic Resilience in an Era of Global Turbulence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2017). Digital Transformation Monitor Germany: Industrie 4.0. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/dem/monitor/sites/default/files/DTM_Industrie%204.0.-pdf.
  • Beise, M. ve Stahl, H. (1999). Public Research and Industrial Innovations in Germany. Research Policy, 28(4), 397-422.
  • Berger, R. (2016). Fair Play in der digitalen Welt: Wie Europa für Plattformen den richtigen Rahmen setzt. Internet Economy Foundation (IE.F). Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/roland_berger_ief_plattformstudie_de_final.pdf.
  • Berghahn, V. R. (1987). Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Die Bundesregierung. (2015). Speech of Chancellor Merkel at the 2015 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum on 22 January 2015. Erişim adresi: https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/DE/Rede/2015/01/2015-01-22-merkel-wef.html.
  • BITKOM/ Frauenhofer IAO. (2014). Industrie 4.0 – Volkswirtschaftliches Potenzial für Deutschland. Erişim adresi: https://www.bitkom.org/Publikationen/2014/Studien/Studie-Industrie-4-0-Volkswirtschaftliches-Potenzial-fuer-Deutschland/Studie-Industrie-40.pdf.
  • Bohme, H. (1978). An Introduction to the Social and Economic History of Germany: Politics and Economic Change in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bosch. (2017). Sanayinin Kısa Tarihi. Erişim adresi: https://www.sanayidegelecek.com/sanayi-4-0/tarihsel-gelisim/.
  • Braun, H.-J. (1990). The German Economy in the Twentieth Century: The German Reich and the Federal Republic. London: Routledge.
  • Brinkmann, C. (1933). The Place of Germany in the Economic History of the Nineteenth Century. Economic History Review, 4(2), 129–146.
  • Audretsch, D.B., Lehmann, E.E. and Schenkenhofer, J. (2018), Internationalization strategies of hidden champions: lessons from Germany, Multinational Business Review, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 2-24.
  • Buse, D. K. ve Doerr, J. (1998). Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871-1990. New York and London: Garland Publishing.
  • Butschan, J. (2018). Die Relevanz des Humankapitals im Kontext von Industrie 4.0. Eine empirische Untersuchung der notwendigen Kompetenzen für digitale Transformationsprozesse. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
  • Canbolat, İ. (2019). Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya. H. Bağcı, İ. Ermağan ve B. Gümüş (Der.), Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya 1 içinde (ss. 1-28). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Clapham, J. H. (1921). The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Detlef, G. (2010). Wirtschaftsatlas Deutschland. Berlin: Rowohlt.
  • Deutsche Welle. (2016, Mart 15). Almanya’nın dijital taarruzu. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/tr/almanyan%C4%B1n-dijital-taarruzu/a-19117247.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Tarihsel Süreç İçinde Dünya Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (t.y.). Germany. Erişim adresi: https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Politics-1890-1914.
  • Ermağan, İ ve Ermağan, E (2020). Boğaz’dan Alanya’ya Türkiye’de Almanlar. A. Cihan, İ. Ermağan, H. Genç (Der.), Dünyada Göç Yönetimi ve Türkiye'nin Göçmenleri: Göçü Nasıl Yönetmeli? içinde (ss. 341-385). İstanbul: Akademik Kitaplar.
  • European Commission. (t.y.). Shaping the Digital Single Market. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/shaping-digital-single-market
  • Florida, R. ve King, K. (2016). Rise of the Global Startup City: The Geography of Venture Capital Investment in Cities and Metros across the Globe. Martin Prosperity Institute, University of Toronto.
  • Florida, R., Mellander, C. ve King, K. (2015). The Global Creativity Index 2015. Martin Prosperity Institute. Rotman School of Management. University of Toronto
  • Gardner, M. (2011). Germany: Shortage of science graduates alarming. Erişim adresi: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20111209201100962.
  • Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness In Historical Perspective. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Goldin, C. ve Katz, L. (2010). The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
  • Henderson, W. O. (1938). The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Hertsch, M. F. (2019). Almanya’nın Tarihi – Başlangıçtan 1871’e Kadar. H. Bağcı, İ. Ermağan ve B. Gümüş (Der.) Dünya Siyasetinde Almanya 1 içinde (ss.29-52). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Heide, D. (2016). Der Traum vom deutschen Google. Handelsblatt.
  • Hermani, U. P. (2018). Förderung von Flexibilität, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Beschäftigung im deutschen Maschinenbau. Initiativen von Unternehmen, Verbänden und Politik. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
  • Kagermann, H./Anderl, R./Gausemeier, J./Schuh, G./Wahlster, W. (Der.) (2016). Industrie 4.0 im globalen Kontext: Strategien der Zusammenarbeit mit internationalen Partnern. (acatech STUDIE), München: Herbert Utz Verlag.
  • Keizai Koho Sentaa (1983). Japan: An International Comparison. Tokyo: Keizai Koho Senta,
  • Kollmann, T. ve Schmidt, H. (2016). Deutschland 4.0: Wie die Digitale Transformation gelingt. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
  • Kwon, S., Lee, J. ve Lee, S. (2017). International Trends in Technological Progress: Evidence from Patent Citations. The Economic Journal, 127(605), 50-70.
  • Leurent, H. ve Boer, E. D. (2019). Fourth Industrial Revolution Beacons of Technology and Innovation in Manufacturing. White Paper / World Economic Forum.
  • Neuerer, D. (2017). Deutsche wollen Autobauer haftbar machen. Handelsblatt, Erişimadresi: http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/unfaelle-mit-autopilot-deutsche-wollen-autobauer-haftbar-machen/19394210.html.
  • Popławski, K. ve Bajczuk, R. (2019). Industry 4.0 Germany’s new industrial policy. Warsaw: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia. Centre for Eastern Studies.
  • PwC. (2017). The Long View How will the global economic order change by 2050? London: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
  • Reger, G. ve Kuhlmann, S. (1995). European Technology Policy in Germany. The Impact of European Community Policies upon Science and Technology in Germany. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
  • Rittershausen, J. R. B. (2007). The postwar West German economic transition: From ordoliberalism to Keynesianism. (IWP Discussion Paper, No. 2007/1). Universität zu Köln, Institut für Wirtschaftspolitik (iwp). Erişim adresi: https://ideas.repec.org/p/kln/iwpdip/dp01-07.html.
  • Rifkin, J. (2013). Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Sanayileşme Süreci Almanya. (2019). Hocalara Geldik. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYctNkxSrt8.
  • Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Business.
  • Schweer, D. ve Sahl, J. C. (2017). The Digital Transformation of Industry – The Benefit for Germany. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
  • Schreier, J. (2020). Industrie 4.0: Deutsche Unternehmen geben sich selbstbewusst. Erişim adresi: https://www.industry-of-things.de/industrie-40-deutsche-unternehmen-geben-sich-selbstbewusst-a-933637/.
  • Schroeder, W. (2016). Germany’s Industry 4.0 strategy, Rhine capitalism in the age of digitalisation. London: The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Spicka, M. E. (2007). Selling the Economic Miracle: Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany 1949–1957. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Stearns, P. N. (2012). The Industrial Revolution in World History. Colo: Westview Press.
  • Staufen AG and Staufen Digital Neonex GmbH (2018). German Industry 4.0 Index 2018. Staufen.AG Consulting. Academy Investment. Köngen.
  • Subramanian, A. (2011). Global economic dominance. Spheres of influence. The Economist. Erişim adresi: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2011/09/09/spheres-of-influence.
  • Tarih ve Bilim Vitae Magistra (2017). Almanya Neden Güçlü. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeOjxtxc8po.
  • Tutar, H., Terzi, D. ve Tınmaz, G. (2018). Türkiye’nin ‘Vizyon 2023’ stratejisi ile Almanya’nın ‘2025’ Stratejik Hedeflerinin Endüstri 4.0 Göstergeleri İtibariyle Karşılaştırılması. International Journal Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries Dergisi, 2(3), 195-212.
  • Watson, P. (2010). The German Genius: Europes Third Renaissance, the Second Scientic Revolution and the Twentieth Century. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Weber, M. (2011). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu (M. Köktürk, Çev.). Ankara: Bilgesu Yayıncılık. (Orijinal eserin yayın tarihi 1905).
  • Weightman, G. (2009). Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World 1776-1914. New York: Grove Press.
  • Yalçıner, A. Y. (2020). Endüstri 4.0’dan Toplum 5.0’a: Kavramsal Çerçeve. S. Çiğdem ve A. Boztaş (Der.), Endüstri 4.0’dan Toplum 5.0’a Güncel Yaklaşımlar içinde (ss.1-28). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

İsmail Ermağan 0000-0003-1687-8208

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 71

Kaynak Göster

APA Ermağan, İ. (2022). Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(71), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.983912
AMA Ermağan İ. Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Ocak 2022;(71):75-92. doi:10.51290/dpusbe.983912
Chicago Ermağan, İsmail. “Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 71 (Ocak 2022): 75-92. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.983912.
EndNote Ermağan İ (01 Ocak 2022) Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 71 75–92.
IEEE İ. Ermağan, “Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 71, ss. 75–92, Ocak 2022, doi: 10.51290/dpusbe.983912.
ISNAD Ermağan, İsmail. “Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 71 (Ocak 2022), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.983912.
JAMA Ermağan İ. Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;:75–92.
MLA Ermağan, İsmail. “Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 71, 2022, ss. 75-92, doi:10.51290/dpusbe.983912.
Vancouver Ermağan İ. Dünya Ekonomisinin Evrim Sürecinde Almanya’nın Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022(71):75-92.

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