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The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 76, 52 - 64, 27.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1198695

Öz

Workplace social courage behavior is studied as a current concept in the academic field. Workplace social courage behavior refers to actions performed for a purpose. One of the factors affecting workplace social courage behavior is employee personality traits. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between employee personality traits and workplace social courage behavior. Within the scope of the purpose of the investigation, the universe of the study consists of the employees in the hotel enterprises in Antalya. The study sample consists of employees working in 5-star hotel businesses in Antalya. The questionnaire was applied using the judicial sampling technique between 1 August and 20 October 2022. Four hundred four questionnaires were taken into consideration. As a result of the analyses, it was concluded that the personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, and neuroticism did not significantly affect workplace social courage behavior. Agreeableness and responsibility personality traits were found to affect workplace social courage behavior. In addition, workplace social courage behavior does not significantly differ according to the gender variable.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2020). Nikomakhos'a Etik. BilgeSu.
  • Arthur, W., & Graziano, W. G. (1996). The five-factor model, conscientiousness, and driving accident involvement. Journal of Personality, 64, 593-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00523.x .
  • Comer, D. R., & Sekerka, L. E. (2018). Keep calm and carry on (ethically): Durable moral courage in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.011.
  • Costa, P.T. & McCrae, R.R. (1995). Domains and facets: hiyerarchical personality assessment using the revised neo personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment. 64(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2
  • Cüceloğlu, D. (1991). İnsan ve Davranışı. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Detert, J. R., & Bruno, E. A. (2017). Workplace courage: Review, synthesis, and future agenda for a complex construct. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 593–639. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0155.
  • Doğan, T. (2013). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ve öznel iyi oluş. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14(1), 56-64. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/doujournal/issue/66668/1043081.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.
  • Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological assessment, 4(1), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26.
  • Gosling, S. D., Rentflow, P. J. & Swann W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains, Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.
  • Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its Nature and Development. Journal of Humanıstıc Counselıng, Educatıon and Development, 44, 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2005.tb00060.x .
  • Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. (2007). Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228854.
  • Howard, M. C., Farr, J. L., Grandey, A. A., & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). The creation of the workplace social courage scale (WSCS): An investigation of internal consistency, psychometric properties, validity, and utility. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 673-690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9463-8.
  • Howard, M. C. (2019). Applying the approach/avoidance framework to understand the relationships between social courage, workplace outcomes, and well-being outcomes. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1545043.
  • Howard, M. C., & Holmes, P. E. (2020). Social courage fosters both voice and silence in the workplace: A study on multidimensional voice and silence with boundary conditions. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 7(1), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-04-2019-0034.
  • Howard, M. C., & Fox, F. R. (2020). Does gender have a significant relationship with social courage? Test of dual sequentially mediated pathways. Personality and Individual Differences, 159, 109904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109904.
  • Ibarra, H., & Barbulescu, R. (2010). Identity as narrative: Prevalence, effectiveness, and consequences of narrative identity work in macro work role transitions. Academy of management review, 35(1), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.1.zok135.
  • John, O. P., Naumann, L. P. & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530.
  • Khalid, S. & Sekiguchi, T. (2019). The mediating effect of glass ceiling beliefs in the relationship between women's personality traits and their subjective career success. NTU Management Review, 29(3), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.6226/NTUMR.201912_29(3).0006.
  • Kilmann, R. H., O’Hara, L. A., & Strauss, J. P. (2010). Developing and validating a quantitative measure of organizational courage. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781005927.00025.
  • Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as identity work: Accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63-93. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0641.
  • Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., Schmeck, R. R., & Avdic, A. (2011). The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement. Personality and individual differences, 51(4), 472-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019.
  • Magnano, P., Faraci, P., Santisi, G., Zammitti, A., Zarbo, R., & Howard, M. C. (2022). Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119.
  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American psychologist, 52(5), 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509.
  • McCrae, R. R., Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Riemann, R. & Angleitner, A. (2001). Sources of structure: Genetic, environmental and artifactual influences on the covariations of personality traits. Journal of Personality, 69(4), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.694154.
  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. Guilford Press.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021). Cesareti modellemek: cesareti anlamada ve uygulamada kullanılabilecek bazı modeller. Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 60-80. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/abuijss/issue/63101/941506.
  • Mert, I. S., & Köksal, K. (2022). The Effect of Workplace Social Courage on Life Satisfaction: A Scale Adaptation. Ege Academic Review, 22(3), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.943671.
  • Mert, İ.S., Sen, C. & Alzghoul, A. (2021), Organizational justice, life satisfaction, and happiness: the mediating role of workplace social courage, Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215-2232. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2021-0116.
  • Osswald, S., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Moral prototypes and moral behavior: Specific effects on emotional precursors of moral behavior and on moral behavior by the activation of moral prototypes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 1078-1094. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.728.
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press.
  • Platon, (2010). Diyaloglar. Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Rate, C. R., Clarke, J. A., Lindsay, D. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Implicit theories of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228755
  • Rate, C. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). When good people do nothing: A failure of courage. In J., Langan-Fox, C. L. Cooper, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Research companion to the dysfunctional workplace: Management challenges and symptoms. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847207081.00008.
  • Schilpzand, P., Hekman, D. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (2015). An inductively generated typology and process model of workplace courage. Organization Science, 26(1), 52-77. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0928.
  • Schoen, H., & Schumann, S. (2007). Personality traits, partisan attitudes, and voting behavior. Evidence from Germany. Political psychology, 28(4), 471-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00582.x.
  • Tett, R. P., & Guterman, H. A. (2000). Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 397–423. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2292.
  • Tkachenko, O., Quast, L. N., Song, W., & Jang, S. (2020). Courage in the workplace: The effects of organizational level and gender on the relationship between behavioral courage and job performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.12.
  • Uysal, E., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2022). İşyerinde sosyal cesaret davranışı ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 54-71. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2022.1366.
  • Woodard, C. R., & Pury, C. L. (2007). The construct of courage: Categorization and measurement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.59.2.135.

İşgörenlerin Kişilik Özellikleri ve İşyeri Sosyal Cesaret Davranışı İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 76, 52 - 64, 27.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1198695

Öz

İşyeri sosyal cesaret davranışı akademik alanda güncel bir kavram olarak çalışılmaktadır. İşyeri sosyal cesaret davranışı bir amaca yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen eylemleri ifade etmektedir. İşyeri sosyal cesaret davranışına etki eden faktörlerden bir tanesi işgören kişilik özellikleridir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı işgören kişilik özellikleri ile iş yeri sosyal cesaret davranışı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırmanın amacı kapsamında çalışmanın evrenini Antalya’daki otel işletmelerindeki işgörenler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini ise Antalya’daki 5 yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde çalışan işgörenler oluşturmaktadır. Anket formu Antalya’da 5 yıldızlı otel işletmelerindeki işgörenlerine yargısal örnekleme tekniğiyle 1 Ağustos-20 Ekim 2022 tarihleri arasında uygulanmıştır. 404 anket değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda dışadönüklük, deneyime açıklık, nevrotiklik kişilik özelliklerinin işyeri sosyal cesaret davranışını anlamlı etkilemediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Uyumluluk ve sorumluluk kişilik özelliklerinin ise işyeri sosyal cesaret davranışı üzerinde bir etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca cinsiyet değişkenine göre işyeri sosyal cesaret davranışı anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles. (2020). Nikomakhos'a Etik. BilgeSu.
  • Arthur, W., & Graziano, W. G. (1996). The five-factor model, conscientiousness, and driving accident involvement. Journal of Personality, 64, 593-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00523.x .
  • Comer, D. R., & Sekerka, L. E. (2018). Keep calm and carry on (ethically): Durable moral courage in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.011.
  • Costa, P.T. & McCrae, R.R. (1995). Domains and facets: hiyerarchical personality assessment using the revised neo personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment. 64(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2
  • Cüceloğlu, D. (1991). İnsan ve Davranışı. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Detert, J. R., & Bruno, E. A. (2017). Workplace courage: Review, synthesis, and future agenda for a complex construct. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 593–639. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0155.
  • Doğan, T. (2013). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ve öznel iyi oluş. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 14(1), 56-64. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/doujournal/issue/66668/1043081.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.
  • Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological assessment, 4(1), 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26.
  • Gosling, S. D., Rentflow, P. J. & Swann W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains, Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.
  • Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its Nature and Development. Journal of Humanıstıc Counselıng, Educatıon and Development, 44, 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2005.tb00060.x .
  • Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. (2007). Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228854.
  • Howard, M. C., Farr, J. L., Grandey, A. A., & Gutworth, M. B. (2017). The creation of the workplace social courage scale (WSCS): An investigation of internal consistency, psychometric properties, validity, and utility. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 673-690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9463-8.
  • Howard, M. C. (2019). Applying the approach/avoidance framework to understand the relationships between social courage, workplace outcomes, and well-being outcomes. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6), 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1545043.
  • Howard, M. C., & Holmes, P. E. (2020). Social courage fosters both voice and silence in the workplace: A study on multidimensional voice and silence with boundary conditions. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 7(1), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-04-2019-0034.
  • Howard, M. C., & Fox, F. R. (2020). Does gender have a significant relationship with social courage? Test of dual sequentially mediated pathways. Personality and Individual Differences, 159, 109904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109904.
  • Ibarra, H., & Barbulescu, R. (2010). Identity as narrative: Prevalence, effectiveness, and consequences of narrative identity work in macro work role transitions. Academy of management review, 35(1), 135-154. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.1.zok135.
  • John, O. P., Naumann, L. P. & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530.
  • Khalid, S. & Sekiguchi, T. (2019). The mediating effect of glass ceiling beliefs in the relationship between women's personality traits and their subjective career success. NTU Management Review, 29(3), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.6226/NTUMR.201912_29(3).0006.
  • Kilmann, R. H., O’Hara, L. A., & Strauss, J. P. (2010). Developing and validating a quantitative measure of organizational courage. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781005927.00025.
  • Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as identity work: Accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63-93. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0641.
  • Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., Schmeck, R. R., & Avdic, A. (2011). The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement. Personality and individual differences, 51(4), 472-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019.
  • Magnano, P., Faraci, P., Santisi, G., Zammitti, A., Zarbo, R., & Howard, M. C. (2022). Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119.
  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American psychologist, 52(5), 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509.
  • McCrae, R. R., Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Riemann, R. & Angleitner, A. (2001). Sources of structure: Genetic, environmental and artifactual influences on the covariations of personality traits. Journal of Personality, 69(4), 511-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.694154.
  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. Guilford Press.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021). Cesareti modellemek: cesareti anlamada ve uygulamada kullanılabilecek bazı modeller. Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 60-80. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/abuijss/issue/63101/941506.
  • Mert, I. S., & Köksal, K. (2022). The Effect of Workplace Social Courage on Life Satisfaction: A Scale Adaptation. Ege Academic Review, 22(3), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.943671.
  • Mert, İ.S., Sen, C. & Alzghoul, A. (2021), Organizational justice, life satisfaction, and happiness: the mediating role of workplace social courage, Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215-2232. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2021-0116.
  • Osswald, S., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). Moral prototypes and moral behavior: Specific effects on emotional precursors of moral behavior and on moral behavior by the activation of moral prototypes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 1078-1094. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.728.
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press.
  • Platon, (2010). Diyaloglar. Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Rate, C. R., Clarke, J. A., Lindsay, D. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Implicit theories of courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(2), 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228755
  • Rate, C. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). When good people do nothing: A failure of courage. In J., Langan-Fox, C. L. Cooper, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Research companion to the dysfunctional workplace: Management challenges and symptoms. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847207081.00008.
  • Schilpzand, P., Hekman, D. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (2015). An inductively generated typology and process model of workplace courage. Organization Science, 26(1), 52-77. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0928.
  • Schoen, H., & Schumann, S. (2007). Personality traits, partisan attitudes, and voting behavior. Evidence from Germany. Political psychology, 28(4), 471-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00582.x.
  • Tett, R. P., & Guterman, H. A. (2000). Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 397–423. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2292.
  • Tkachenko, O., Quast, L. N., Song, W., & Jang, S. (2020). Courage in the workplace: The effects of organizational level and gender on the relationship between behavioral courage and job performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(5), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.12.
  • Uysal, E., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2022). İşyerinde sosyal cesaret davranışı ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 54-71. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2022.1366.
  • Woodard, C. R., & Pury, C. L. (2007). The construct of courage: Categorization and measurement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.59.2.135.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Emre Yaşar 0000-0003-1573-0930

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 76

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaşar, E. (2023). The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(76), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1198695
AMA Yaşar E. The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Nisan 2023;(76):52-64. doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1198695
Chicago Yaşar, Emre. “The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76 (Nisan 2023): 52-64. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1198695.
EndNote Yaşar E (01 Nisan 2023) The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 76 52–64.
IEEE E. Yaşar, “The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76, ss. 52–64, Nisan 2023, doi: 10.51290/dpusbe.1198695.
ISNAD Yaşar, Emre. “The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 76 (Nisan 2023), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1198695.
JAMA Yaşar E. The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;:52–64.
MLA Yaşar, Emre. “The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 76, 2023, ss. 52-64, doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1198695.
Vancouver Yaşar E. The Relationship Between Personality Traits of Employees and Workplace Social Courage Behavior. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023(76):52-64.

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