Different DC-Link Control Methods with Multilevel Inverter for Low Harmonic and Efficient Power Transfer in Grid-Tied Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 289 - 304, 20.06.2023

Beyzanur Göncü Ünal Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1293293

Öz

In grid-connected power generation systems, dc-link voltage control is needed to prevent energy losses, reduce voltage fluctuations and provide a stable energy flow. In addition, control of the power factor via the voltage source inverter is a process that supports the efficient use of the energy produced. Moreover, keeping the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current injected into the grid in accordance with IEEE-519 harmonic standards (<5%), will increase the quality of the grid electrical current. In this study, three different methods (cascade pi-based, adaptive neuro fuzzy and artificial neural networks methods) were proposed for dc-link control. In addition, due to its high power factor and low harmonic distortion performance, a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter is modeled for grid-tied proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The rated power of the proposed system is 50 kW and the system was tested under five different operation scenarios. According to the performance results, the THD in the grid current has been reduced from 10.58% to 3.52% compared to traditional methods, dc-link voltage ripple was observed to be around 1V (<1%), and also the power factor regulation performance increased as unity (>0.99).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multilevel Inverter, DC-Link Control, Grid-Tied Systems, PEMFC

Destekleyen Kurum

Harran University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Proje Numarası

Project Number: 22232

Different DC-Link Control Methods with Multilevel Inverter for Low Harmonic and Efficient Power Transfer in Grid-Tied Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems

Öz

In grid-connected power generation systems, dc-link voltage control is needed to prevent energy losses, reduce voltage fluctuations and provide a stable energy flow. In addition, control of the power factor via the voltage source inverter is a process that supports the efficient use of the energy produced. Moreover, keeping the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current injected into the grid in accordance with IEEE-519 harmonic standards (<5%), will increase the quality of the grid electrical current. In this study, three different methods (cascade pi-based, adaptive neuro fuzzy and artificial neural networks methods) were proposed for dc-link control. In addition, due to its high power factor and low harmonic distortion performance, a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter is modeled for grid-tied proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The rated power of the proposed system is 50 kW and the system was tested under five different operation scenarios. According to the performance results, the THD in the grid current has been reduced from 8.02% to 3.52% compared to traditional methods, dc-link voltage ripple was observed to be around 1V (<1%), and also the power factor regulation performance increased as unity (>0.99).

Anahtar Kelimeler

PEMFC, DC-Link Control, Multilevel Inverter, Grid-Tied Systems

Proje Numarası

Project Number: 22232

Kaynakça

• [1] L. Sun, Y. Jin, L. Pan, J. Shen, K. Y. Lee, ''Efficiency analysis and control of a grid-connected PEM fuel cell in distributed generation,'' Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 195, pp. 587-596, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.04.041
• [2] M. Inci, ''Active/reactive energy control scheme for grid-connected fuel cell system with local inductive loads,'' Energy,Vol. 197, 117191, pp.1-15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117191
• [3] U. Yilmaz, O. Turksoy, ''Artificial intelligence based active and reactive power control method for single-phase grid connected hydrogen fuel cell systems,'' International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 48, no. 21, pp. 7866-7883, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.211
• [4] N. Rasekh, M. Hosseinpour, ''LCL filter design and robust converter side current feedback control for grid-connected Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell system,'' International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 23, pp. 13055-13067, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.227.
• [5] M. S. Kandil, M. M. El-Saadawi, A. E. Hassan and K. M. Abo-Al-Ez, "A proposed reactive power controller for DG grid connected systems," IEEE International Energy Conference, pp. 446-451, 2010. doi: 10.1109/ENERGYCON.2010.5771722
• [6] Z. Maosong, Y. Cui, Q. Wang, J. Tao, X. Wang, H. Zhao, G Li. "A Study on Neutral-Point Potential in Three-Level NPC Converters," Energies, vol. 12, no. 3367, pp. 1-22, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173367
• [7] M. Kashif, M. J. Hossain, V. Sharma, S. M. Nawazish Ali and A. Khan, "Neutral-point Voltage Control of Three-level NPC Inverter for Three-phase APF based on Zero-sequence Voltage Injection," International Conference on Electrical Engineering Research & Practice (ICEERP), pp. 1-5, 2019. doi: 10.1109/ICEERP49088.2019.8956988
• [8] K.Tariq, M. Karabacak, V. S. Perić, S. Z. Hassan, L. M. Fernández-Ramírez. "Novel Improved Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control of Inverter and Supervisory Energy Management System of a Microgrid," Energies, vol.13, no. 18, pp.1-20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184721
• [9] A. H. Niasar, H. Moghbelli and A. Vahedi, "Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control with Fuzzy Supervisory Learning Algorithm for Speed Regulation of 4-Switch Inverter Brushless DC Machines," CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 1-5, 2006. doi: 10.1109/IPEMC.2006.4778053
• [10] K. K. Gupta and S. Jain, "A Novel Multilevel Inverter Based on Switched DC Sources," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 3269-3278, 2014. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2282606
• [11] K.B. Hamad, D.N. Luta, A.K. Raji , ''A Grid-Tied Fuel Cell Multilevel Inverter with Low Harmonic Distortions,'' Energies. vol.14, no.3 pp.1-24, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030688
• [12] M.M. Savrun, M. İnci, ''Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system combined with genetic algorithm to improve power extraction capability in fuel cell applications,'' Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 299, 126944, pp. 1-11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126944
• [13] P.K. Gayen, A. Jana, ''An ANFIS based improved control action for single phase utility or micro-grid connected battery energy storage system,'' Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 164; 1034-1049, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.007
• [14] S. Yuvaraja, M. S. A. Salam, L. Vijayaraja, R. Kesavan, R. Dhanasekar, ''A novel PWM scheme for grid-tied inverter in micro-grid with enhanced power quality using silicon cells,'' Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 46, no 9, pp.4298-4304, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.129
• [15] A. Estebsari, S. Vogel, R. Melloni, M. Stevic, E. F. Bompard and A. Monti, "Frequency Control of Low Inertia Power Grids With Fuel Cell Systems in Distribution Networks," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 71530-71544, 2022. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187099
• [16] K. B. Hamad, D. N. Luta., ''PQ Open-Loop Control of a Grid-Tied Inverter Interfacing a Large-Scale Fuel Cell Stack.,'' AIUE Proceedings of the 18th Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy Conference 2020, pp 1-7., 2021, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3735393
• [17] C. Subhashree, S. K. Acharya, R. K. Khadanga, S. Mohanty, J. Arshad, A. U. Rehman, M. Shafiq, J.-G. Choi, "Harmonic Profile Enhancement of Grid Connected Fuel Cell through Cascaded H-Bridge Multi-Level Inverter and Improved Squirrel Search Optimization Technique," Energies vol.14, no. 23, pp.1-21 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237947
• [18] W. Wang, B. Liu, Y. Hu, Z. Li, H. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Song, "Power Decoupling Control for Single-Phase Grid-Tied PEMFC Systems With Virtual-Vector-Based MPC," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 55132-55143, 2021. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3071776
• [19] M. R. Mahmud and H. R. Pota, "Robust Nonlinear Controller Design for DC–AC Converter in Grid-Connected Fuel Cell System," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 342-351, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTIE.2021.3088394
• [20] S. T. Meraj, N. Z. Yahaya, K. Hasan, M.S. H. Lipu, R.M. Elavarasan, A. Hussain, M.A. Hannan, K. M. Muttaqi, ''A filter less improved control scheme for active/reactive energy management in fuel cell integrated grid system with harmonic reduction ability,'' Applied Energy, vol. 312, 118784, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118784
• [21] M. Priya, P. Ponnambalam, ''Three-phase Grid Connected Modular-Multilevel Converter Fed by Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell' International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 12, no.1, pp. 466-478 2022 https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v12i1.12802.g8420
• [22] F. Vitale, N. Rispoli, M. Sorrentino, M.A. Rosen, C. Pianese, ''On the use of dynamic programming for optimal energy management of grid-connected reversible solid oxide cell-based renewable microgrids,'' Energy, vol. 225, 120304, pp. 1-12, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120304
• [23] H. Li, B. Sun, J. Hao, J. Zhao, J. Li, A. Khakichi,'' Economical planning of fuel cell vehicle-to-grid integrated green buildings with a new hybrid optimization algorithm,'' International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 13, pp. 8514-8531, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.156.
• [24] J. Jiang, R. Zhou, H. Xu, H. Wang, P. Wu, Z. Wang, J. Li, ''Optimal sizing, operation strategy and case study of a grid-connected solid oxide fuel cell microgrid,'' Applied Energy, vol. 307, 2022, 118214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118214.
• [25] M. Inci, ''A flexible perturb & observe MPPT method to prevent surplus energy for grid-failure conditions of fuel cells,'' International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 79, pp. 39483-39498, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.185
• [26] S.A. Saadat, S.M. Ghamari, H. Mollaee, F. Khavari, ''Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) controller design on single-phase full-bridge inverter with a cascade fractional-order PID voltage controller,'' IET Power Electron., vol.14, pp.1960–1972 2021. https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12162
• [27] S. V. S. R. Pavankumar, S. Krishnaveni, Y. B. Venugopal and Y. S. K. Babu, "A Neuro-fuzzy Based Speed Control of Separately Excited DC Motor," 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, Bhopal, India, pp. 93-98, 2010. doi: 10.1109/CICN.2010.132
• [28] Lv, C., Xing, Y., Zhang, J., Na, X., Li, Y., Liu, T., Cao, D., & Wang, F. "Levenberg–Marquardt Backpropagation Training of Multilayer Neural Networks for State Estimation of a Safety-Critical Cyber-Physical System," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 3436-3446, 2018. doi: 10.1109/TII.2017.2777460
• [29] O. Rabiaa, B. H. Mouna, S. Lassaad, F. Aymen and A. Aicha, "Cascade Control Loop of DC- DC Boost Converter Using PI Controller," 2018 International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT), pp. 1-5, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ISAECT.2018.8618859
• [30] M. Kashif, M. J. Hossain, V. Sharma, S. M. Nawazish Ali and A. Khan, "Neutral-point Voltage Control of Three-level NPC Inverter for Three-phase APF based on Zero-sequence Voltage Injection," International Conference on Electrical Engineering Research & Practice (ICEERP), pp. 1-5, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICEERP49088.2019.8956988
• [31] O. Turksoy, U. Yilmaz, Ahmet Teke, ''Efficient AC-DC power factor corrected boost converter design for battery charger in electric vehicles,'' Energy, vol. 221, 119765, pp.1-18, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119765
• [32] U. Yilmaz, A. Kircay and S. Borekci, "PV system flyback converter controlled PI control to charge battery under variable temperature and irradiance," Electronics, Palanga, Lithuania, pp. 1-6, 2017. doi: 10.1109/ELECTRONICS.2017.7995223
• [33] P. Jin-Hyuk, K.-B. Lee, "Performance Improvement for Reduction of Resonance in a Grid-Connected Inverter System Using an Improved DPWM Method" Energies, vol. 11, no. 113, pp.1-16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010113
• [34] M. Milosevic, ''Decoupling Control of d and q Current Components in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter,'' pp. 1-11 https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.545.8150&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• [35] B. Ren, X. Sun, S. An, X. Cao, Q. Zhang, "Analysis and design of an LCL filter for the three-level grid-connected inverter," Proceedings of The 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 2023-2027, 2012. doi: 10.1109/IPEMC.2012.6259152