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TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 535 - 558, 28.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.644852

Öz

Devletler, göç ederek farklı ülkelere yerleşen diasporalarıyla iletişim kurup kültürel, dini, ekonomik paylaşımlarda bulunarak diasporaların kendi benliklerini korumalarında yardımcı olmakta ve diasporaların anavatanından uzakta desteksiz kalmadıklarını göstermek amacındadır. Bu paylaşımlar aynı zamanda diasporalar ve onların yaşadığı ülkelerle olan ilişkileri de kuvvetlendirmekte ve devletlerin uluslararası alandaki imajına olumlu bir katkı sunmaktadır. Bu amaçla Türk Hükümeti de yurtdışında yaşayan vatandaşları ile etkileşim sağlayarak onlar nezdinde bir kamu diplomasisi oluşturmaktadır. Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmelerle birlikte kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinin dijital mecralarla da yürütüldüğü görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (YTB)’nin 28 Ağutsos 2019 – 28 Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasındaki gönderileri örneklem olarak ele alınmakta ve çalışma Türk Hükümetinin diasporaları ile nasıl bir dijital kamu diplomasisi süreci yürüttüğünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kamu diplomasisi sürecinin incelenmesi, Türkiye’nin diasporası adına yaptığı dijital diplomasi faaliyetlerinin tespiti üzerine ipuçları sağlamada ve bundan sonraki dijital diplomasi süreçlerinde atılacak adımlar konusunda yol gösterici olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. İçerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenen çalışma, günümüze kadar ele alınan kamu diplomasisi çalışmalarından farklı olarak YTB’yi bir dijital mecra üzerinden diaspora diplomasisi ekseninde ele almaktadır. Çalışma neticesinde elde edilen bulgularda YTB’nin, Türk dili, kültürü ve İslam geleneklerinin yaşatılması için Twitter aracılığıyla sunduğu içeriklerde diasporası ile güçlü bir bağ kurmaya çalıştığı saptanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ARTHUR, Paul. (1991). “Diasporan Intervention in International Affairs: Irish America as a Case Study”, Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1 (2), p. 143–162.
  • AYDIN, Yaşar. (2014). The new Turkish diaspora policy: its aims, their limits and the challenges for associations of people of Turkish origin and decision-makers in Germany. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Research Paper,
  • BERELSON, Bernard (1952). Content analysis in communication research, New York: The Free Press,
  • BİLGİN, Nuri (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde İçerik Analizi: Teknikler ve Örnek Çalışmalar, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • BOYLE, Mark ve HO, Elaine (2016). “Sovereign Power, Biopower, and the Reach of the West in an Age of Diaspora-Centred Development”, Antipode, 49 (3), p. 577–596.
  • BRAVO, Vanessa (2012). “Engaging the Diaspora: El Salvador and Costa Rica‘s Use of Social Media to Connect with their Diaspora Communities in the United States”, Global Media Journal - American Edition, 11, Fall 2012, p. 1-19.
  • BRINKERHOFF, Jennifer. (2006). Diasporas, Skills Transfer, and Remittances: Evolving Perceptions and Potential. (Editörler), Clay Wescott and Jennifer Brinkerhoff. Converting Migration Drains into Gains: Harnessing the Resources of Overseas Professionals, Manila: Asian Development Bank, p. 1-24.
  • BULWAKA, Michael (2009). Diaspora Diplomacy: A Case Study Of Uganda, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Malta.
  • BUTLER, Kim. (2001). “Defining diaspora: Refining a discourse”. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies. http://sites.middlebury.edu/nydiasporaworkshop/files/2011/04/Defining-Diaspora1.pdf Erişim tarihi: 17 Eylül 2019.
  • CLIFFORD, James. (1994). “Diasporas”. Cultural Anthropology, 9 (3), p. 302-338.
  • COHEN, Robin. (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, Neil ve Bekenova (2017). “Kristina European cultural diplomacy: diaspora relations with Kazakhstan”, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 23 (6), p. 732-750.
  • DICKINSON, Jen (2014). “Making space for India in post-apartheid South Africa: Narrating diasporic subjectivities through classical song and dance”. Emotion, Space and Society, 13, p. 32–39.
  • DUFOIX, Stephane. (2011). Diasporalar. İstanbul: Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları,
  • ERSOY, İlhan. (2008). Diaspora ve Kimlik: Eskişehir ve İstanbul’da Yaşayan Kırım Tatarları’nın Çoklu Kültürel Kimliğin İfade Alanı Olarak “TEPREŞ”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • FONTAINE, Richard ve LORD, Kristin (2012). Debating America’s Future, (Editörler) Richard Fontaine and Kristin Lord, America’s Path: Grand Strategy for the Next Administration, Washington DC: Center for a New American Security, p. 5-10.
  • HILLER, Harry, ve FRANZ, Tara (2004). “New ties, old ties and lost ties: the use of the internet in diaspora”, New Media & Society, 6 (6), p. 731–752.
  • HO, Elaine ve LEY, David. (2013). “Middling” Chinese Returnees or Immigrants from Canada? The Ambiguity of Return Migration and Claims to Modernity”, Asian Studies Review, 38 (1), p. 36–52.
  • HO, Elaine ve MCCONNELL, Fiona (2017). “Conceptualizing ‘diaspora diplomacy’: Territory and populations betwixt the domestic and foreign”, Progress in Human Geography, 43 (2), p. 235-255.
  • International Diaspora Engagement Alliance (IdEA) (2016). Diplomats, diaspora & dynamism. http://www.diasporaalliance.org/diplomats-diaspora-dynamism/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Eylül 2019.
  • KERRY, John. (2013). Public Diplomacy: Adapting Our Diplomatic Engagement http://2007-2017-blogs.state.gov/stories/2013/05/06/digital-diplomacy-adapting-our-diplomatic-engagement.html Erişim Tarihi: 29 Eylül 2019.
  • LEONARD, Mark, STEAD, Catherine. and SMEWİNG, Conrad. (2002). Public Diplomacy, London: Foreign Policy Centre
  • LEONARD, Mark. (2009). Diplomacy by Other Means. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/09/diplomacy-by-other-means/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2019.
  • LIU, Hong (2011). “An Emerging China and Diasporic Chinese: historicity, state, and international relations”, Journal of Contemporary China, 20 (72), p. 813-832.
  • MANOVICH, Lev. (2002). The Language of New Media, Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • NYE, Joseph (2017). Yumuşak Güç, (Çev. Rayhan İnan), İstanbul: BB101 Yayınları.
  • ÖKTEM, Kerem (2014). Turkey's New Diaspora Policy: The Challenge Of Inclusivity, Outreach And Capacity. İstanbul Policy Center, Sabancı University.
  • RAGAZZI, Francesco (2014). “A comparative analysis of diaspora policies”, Political Geography, 41, p. 74-89.
  • RANA, Kishan. (2013). Diaspora Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy, (Editörler) Zaharna, Amelia Arsenault, Ali Fisher, Relational, Networked, and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindset, New York: Routledge, p. 70-84.
  • REIS, Michele. (2004). “Theorizing Diaspora: Perspectives on ‘Classical’ and ‘Contemporary’ Diaspora”, International Migration, 42 (2), p. 41-56.
  • SAFRAN, Williams. (1999). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. (Editörler): Steve Vertovec, & Richard Cohen Edward, Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. Massachusetts: Elgar Pub.
  • ŞAHİN MENCÜTEK, Zeynep ve BAŞER, Bahar (2018) Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 20 (1), p. 86-105.
  • SANDLER, Shumel. (2004). “Towards a conceptual framework of world Jewish politics: state, nation and diaspora in a Jewish foreign policy”, Israel Affairs, 10, (1-2), p. 301–312.
  • SHENG Ding, (2007). “Digital diaspora and national image building: a new perspective on Chinese diaspora studies in the age of China’s rise”, Pacific Affairs, 80 (4), p. 627-648.
  • STONE, Dianne ve Douglas Elena, (2018). “Advance diaspora diplomacy in a networked world” International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24 (6), p. 710-723.
  • ULUSOY, Ergin (2015). “Diaspora Kavramı ve Türkiye’nin Diaspora Politikalarının Modern Teori Çerçevesinde Sosyo-Politik Bir Analizi”, IV. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmalar Kongresi, 14-17 Mayıs 2015, Kütahya, s. 57-73.
  • YILMAZ, Ayhan ve Kılıçoğlu, Gökmen (2017). “Balkanlar’da Ytb Ve Tika’nın Türk Kamu Diplomasisi Kurumları Olarak Faaliyetleri Ve Türkiye’nin Bölgedeki Yumuşak Gücüne Etkileri”, Finans, Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2), s. 115-131.
  • YALDIZ, Fırat (2014). “Diaspora Kavramı Bağlamında On İki Ada Türk Toplumu”, Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5 (2), s. 43-64.
  • YEŞİL, Murat (2013). “The Importance of the Role that Turkish Ethnic Media Played in the Formation Process of Turkish Diaspora in America”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4 (9), s. 234-246.
  • ZARIFIAN, Julien (2014) “The Armenian-American lobby and its impact on U.S. foreign policy”, Society, 51 (5), s. 503–12
  • www.yee.org.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Eylül 2019

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY FOR THE TURKISH DIASPORA: A STUDY ON THE PRESIDENCY OF TURKS ABROAD AND RELATED COMMUNITIES

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 535 - 558, 28.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.644852

Öz

The states aim to communicate with the diasporas who migrate to different countries and make cultural, religious and economic exchanges to help the diasporas protect their own selves and to show that the diasporas do not remain far from their homeland. These sharings also strengthen the relations with the diasporas and the countries where they live and contribute positively to the international image of the states. Turkish Government also creates a public diplomacy in the presence for its citizens living abroad. Especially with developments in new communication technologies, it is seen that public diplomacy activities are carried out through digital channels. In this study, the posts of the Presidency of Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB) between 28 August 2019 - 28 September 2019 are considered as samples and the study aims to examine the Turkish government's process of digital public diplomacy with its diasporas. Examination of this process, it is important to provide tips on detection of Turkey has made digital diplomacy activities on behalf of his diasporas and have guidance on steps to be taken in terms of the subsequent process of digital diplomacy. Unlike the public diplomacy studies that have been handled until today, the study analyzed by content analysis method deals with YTB on the basis of diaspora diplomacy through a digital medium. In the findings obtained as a result of the study, it is determined that YTB is trying to establish a strong connection with the diaspora in the content it offers through Twitter to keep the Turkish language, culture and Islamic traditions alive.

Kaynakça

  • ARTHUR, Paul. (1991). “Diasporan Intervention in International Affairs: Irish America as a Case Study”, Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1 (2), p. 143–162.
  • AYDIN, Yaşar. (2014). The new Turkish diaspora policy: its aims, their limits and the challenges for associations of people of Turkish origin and decision-makers in Germany. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Research Paper,
  • BERELSON, Bernard (1952). Content analysis in communication research, New York: The Free Press,
  • BİLGİN, Nuri (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde İçerik Analizi: Teknikler ve Örnek Çalışmalar, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • BOYLE, Mark ve HO, Elaine (2016). “Sovereign Power, Biopower, and the Reach of the West in an Age of Diaspora-Centred Development”, Antipode, 49 (3), p. 577–596.
  • BRAVO, Vanessa (2012). “Engaging the Diaspora: El Salvador and Costa Rica‘s Use of Social Media to Connect with their Diaspora Communities in the United States”, Global Media Journal - American Edition, 11, Fall 2012, p. 1-19.
  • BRINKERHOFF, Jennifer. (2006). Diasporas, Skills Transfer, and Remittances: Evolving Perceptions and Potential. (Editörler), Clay Wescott and Jennifer Brinkerhoff. Converting Migration Drains into Gains: Harnessing the Resources of Overseas Professionals, Manila: Asian Development Bank, p. 1-24.
  • BULWAKA, Michael (2009). Diaspora Diplomacy: A Case Study Of Uganda, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Malta.
  • BUTLER, Kim. (2001). “Defining diaspora: Refining a discourse”. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies. http://sites.middlebury.edu/nydiasporaworkshop/files/2011/04/Defining-Diaspora1.pdf Erişim tarihi: 17 Eylül 2019.
  • CLIFFORD, James. (1994). “Diasporas”. Cultural Anthropology, 9 (3), p. 302-338.
  • COHEN, Robin. (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • COLLINS, Neil ve Bekenova (2017). “Kristina European cultural diplomacy: diaspora relations with Kazakhstan”, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 23 (6), p. 732-750.
  • DICKINSON, Jen (2014). “Making space for India in post-apartheid South Africa: Narrating diasporic subjectivities through classical song and dance”. Emotion, Space and Society, 13, p. 32–39.
  • DUFOIX, Stephane. (2011). Diasporalar. İstanbul: Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları,
  • ERSOY, İlhan. (2008). Diaspora ve Kimlik: Eskişehir ve İstanbul’da Yaşayan Kırım Tatarları’nın Çoklu Kültürel Kimliğin İfade Alanı Olarak “TEPREŞ”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • FONTAINE, Richard ve LORD, Kristin (2012). Debating America’s Future, (Editörler) Richard Fontaine and Kristin Lord, America’s Path: Grand Strategy for the Next Administration, Washington DC: Center for a New American Security, p. 5-10.
  • HILLER, Harry, ve FRANZ, Tara (2004). “New ties, old ties and lost ties: the use of the internet in diaspora”, New Media & Society, 6 (6), p. 731–752.
  • HO, Elaine ve LEY, David. (2013). “Middling” Chinese Returnees or Immigrants from Canada? The Ambiguity of Return Migration and Claims to Modernity”, Asian Studies Review, 38 (1), p. 36–52.
  • HO, Elaine ve MCCONNELL, Fiona (2017). “Conceptualizing ‘diaspora diplomacy’: Territory and populations betwixt the domestic and foreign”, Progress in Human Geography, 43 (2), p. 235-255.
  • International Diaspora Engagement Alliance (IdEA) (2016). Diplomats, diaspora & dynamism. http://www.diasporaalliance.org/diplomats-diaspora-dynamism/ Erişim Tarihi: 27 Eylül 2019.
  • KERRY, John. (2013). Public Diplomacy: Adapting Our Diplomatic Engagement http://2007-2017-blogs.state.gov/stories/2013/05/06/digital-diplomacy-adapting-our-diplomatic-engagement.html Erişim Tarihi: 29 Eylül 2019.
  • LEONARD, Mark, STEAD, Catherine. and SMEWİNG, Conrad. (2002). Public Diplomacy, London: Foreign Policy Centre
  • LEONARD, Mark. (2009). Diplomacy by Other Means. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/09/diplomacy-by-other-means/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2019.
  • LIU, Hong (2011). “An Emerging China and Diasporic Chinese: historicity, state, and international relations”, Journal of Contemporary China, 20 (72), p. 813-832.
  • MANOVICH, Lev. (2002). The Language of New Media, Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • NYE, Joseph (2017). Yumuşak Güç, (Çev. Rayhan İnan), İstanbul: BB101 Yayınları.
  • ÖKTEM, Kerem (2014). Turkey's New Diaspora Policy: The Challenge Of Inclusivity, Outreach And Capacity. İstanbul Policy Center, Sabancı University.
  • RAGAZZI, Francesco (2014). “A comparative analysis of diaspora policies”, Political Geography, 41, p. 74-89.
  • RANA, Kishan. (2013). Diaspora Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy, (Editörler) Zaharna, Amelia Arsenault, Ali Fisher, Relational, Networked, and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindset, New York: Routledge, p. 70-84.
  • REIS, Michele. (2004). “Theorizing Diaspora: Perspectives on ‘Classical’ and ‘Contemporary’ Diaspora”, International Migration, 42 (2), p. 41-56.
  • SAFRAN, Williams. (1999). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. (Editörler): Steve Vertovec, & Richard Cohen Edward, Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. Massachusetts: Elgar Pub.
  • ŞAHİN MENCÜTEK, Zeynep ve BAŞER, Bahar (2018) Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 20 (1), p. 86-105.
  • SANDLER, Shumel. (2004). “Towards a conceptual framework of world Jewish politics: state, nation and diaspora in a Jewish foreign policy”, Israel Affairs, 10, (1-2), p. 301–312.
  • SHENG Ding, (2007). “Digital diaspora and national image building: a new perspective on Chinese diaspora studies in the age of China’s rise”, Pacific Affairs, 80 (4), p. 627-648.
  • STONE, Dianne ve Douglas Elena, (2018). “Advance diaspora diplomacy in a networked world” International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24 (6), p. 710-723.
  • ULUSOY, Ergin (2015). “Diaspora Kavramı ve Türkiye’nin Diaspora Politikalarının Modern Teori Çerçevesinde Sosyo-Politik Bir Analizi”, IV. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmalar Kongresi, 14-17 Mayıs 2015, Kütahya, s. 57-73.
  • YILMAZ, Ayhan ve Kılıçoğlu, Gökmen (2017). “Balkanlar’da Ytb Ve Tika’nın Türk Kamu Diplomasisi Kurumları Olarak Faaliyetleri Ve Türkiye’nin Bölgedeki Yumuşak Gücüne Etkileri”, Finans, Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2), s. 115-131.
  • YALDIZ, Fırat (2014). “Diaspora Kavramı Bağlamında On İki Ada Türk Toplumu”, Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5 (2), s. 43-64.
  • YEŞİL, Murat (2013). “The Importance of the Role that Turkish Ethnic Media Played in the Formation Process of Turkish Diaspora in America”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4 (9), s. 234-246.
  • ZARIFIAN, Julien (2014) “The Armenian-American lobby and its impact on U.S. foreign policy”, Society, 51 (5), s. 503–12
  • www.yee.org.tr, Erişim Tarihi: 26 Eylül 2019
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emrah Budak 0000-0001-6896-7558

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Budak, E. (2020). TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(1), 535-558. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.644852
AMA Budak E. TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. e-gifder. Mart 2020;8(1):535-558. doi:10.19145/e-gifder.644852
Chicago Budak, Emrah. “TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Mart 2020): 535-58. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.644852.
EndNote Budak E (01 Mart 2020) TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 8 1 535–558.
IEEE E. Budak, “TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”, e-gifder, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 535–558, 2020, doi: 10.19145/e-gifder.644852.
ISNAD Budak, Emrah. “TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 8/1 (Mart 2020), 535-558. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.644852.
JAMA Budak E. TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. e-gifder. 2020;8:535–558.
MLA Budak, Emrah. “TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 535-58, doi:10.19145/e-gifder.644852.
Vancouver Budak E. TÜRK DİASPORASINA YÖNELİK DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: YURTDIŞI TÜRKLER VE AKRABA TOPLULUKLAR BAŞKANLIĞI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. e-gifder. 2020;8(1):535-58.