Çocuk İşçiliğini Konu Alan Kamu Spotu Reklamlarının Göstergebilimsel Analizi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 116 - 136, 31.12.2019

Murat Arpa , Hüseyin Delibalta , Alper Yılmaz

Öz

Çocuk işçiliği, çocukları eğitim haklarından mahrum bırakarak ve çocukluk dönemlerini yaşamalarına engel olarak, çalıştırılmak yoluyla sosyal, fiziksel, zihinsel ve ahlaki açıdan her türlü sömürülmesini ifade etmektedir. Çocuk işçiliği, özellikle ucuz iş gücü sağlanması amacıyla sıklıkla gerçekleştirilen bir faaliyettir. Çocuk işçiliği pek çok ülkede yasaklanmış, pek çok ülkede ise belirli sınırlamalara maruz kalmıştır. Diğer yandan uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından son yıllarda hazırlanan kamu spotu reklamlarında çocuk işçiliğinin engellenmesine yönelik çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında çocuk işçiliğine karşı hazırlanan kamu spotu reklamlarında hangi mesajların verildiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla son yıllarda çocuk işçiliğine karşı hazırlanan kamu spotu reklamları içerisinden amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak seçilen beş kamu spotu reklamı göstergebilimsel açıdan analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında belirlenen kamu spotu reklamları ABD'li dilbilimci Charles Sanders Peirce'in göstergebilim kavramları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda çocuk işçiliğinin çocuklar üzerinde oluşturduğu fiziksel ve zihinsel olumsuzlukların ön plana çıkarılarak çocuk işçiliğine karşı duyarlılık oluşturulmasının amaçlandığı görülmüştür. Oluşturulan duyarlılık ile birlikte insanların çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesi konusunda daha bilinçli hareket etmesinin istendiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk İşçiliği, İnsan Kaçakçılığı, Kamu Spotu, Reklam

Kaynakça

• Abebe, T., & Bessell, S. (2011). Dominant Discourses, Debates and Silences on Child Labour in Africa and Asia. Third World Quarterly, 32(4), 765-786.
• Acosta, P. (2011). School Attendance, Child Labour, and Remittances from International Migration in El Salvador. Journal of Development Studies, 47(6), 913-936.
• ADEEVEE (2019a). "Çocukları Kurtarın Fonu'nun İkinci Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adeevee. com/ 2006 /11/ the- indian- council -for -child -welfare- child- labour-awareness- child- labour- girl- child- labour- boy -outdoor/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADEEVEE (2019b). "İnsan Ticaretini Durdur Örgütü'nün Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:/ /www. adeevee. com/ 2007/ 12/ stop- the- traffik- global- campaigners- against-human- trafficking- advent- calendar- print/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADEEVEE (2019c). "Kamu Bakanlığı Ulusal Konseyi'nin Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adeevee. com/ 2019/ 04/ conselho- nacional- do- ministerio- publico- cnmp- child- labor- childhood- outdoor- print/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADEEVEE (2019d). "UNICEF'in Birinci Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adeevee. com/ 2002/ 10/ unicef- against- child- labour- child- labour- t- shirt- child- labour- tennis- shoe- child- labour- jeans- outdoor/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADS (2019a). "Bombay Rotary Kulübü'nün Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adsoftheworld. com/ media/ print/ rotaract_ club_ of_ mumbai_ batik, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADS (2019b). "Çocuk Hakları ve Siz Örgütü'nün Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adsoftheworld. com/ media /print /cry _working _child, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• ADS (2019c). "Çocukları Kurtarın Fonu'nun Birinci Kamu Spotu Reklamı", https:// www. adsoftheworld. com/ media/ print/ save_ the_ children_ employee_ of_ the_ month, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Ahmad, A. (2012). Poverty, Education and Child Labour in Aligarh City-India. Studies on Home and Community Science, 6(3), 165-172.
• Akarro, R. R., & Mtweve, N. A. (2011). Poverty and its Association with Child Labour in Njombe District in Tanzania: The Case of Igima Ward. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 199-206.
• Aktar, S., & Abdullah, A. S. M. (2013). Protecting Child Labour in Bangladesh: Domestic Laws versus International Instruments. Bangladesh E-Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 153-172.
• Ali, H., & Khan, M. S. (2012). The Overcoming of Child Labour in India: In Perspective of Constitutional and Legislative Framework. Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 1(3), 83-91.
• Alimi, T., & Masuku, M. B. (2010). Determinants of Household Participation in the Child Labour Force: The Case of Iwo Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria. Agrekon, 49(3), 358-372.
• Barman, S. (2011). Socio-Economic and Demographic Impact on Child Labour in India. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 3(2), 376-403.
• Berenger, V., & Verdier‐Chouchane, A. (2016). Child Labour and Schooling in South Sudan and Sudan: Is There a Gender Preference?. African Development Review, 28(S2), 177-190.
• Bessell, S. (2011). Influencing International Child Labour Policy: The Potential and Limits of Children-Centred Research. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(4), 564-568.
• CNMP (2019). http:// www. cnmp. mp. br/ portal/ institucional /o-cnmp/ apresentacao, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Conradi, C. (2013). Child Trafficking, Child Soldiering: Exploring the Relationship between Two ‘Worst Forms’ of Child Labour. Third World Quarterly, 34(7), 1209-1226.
• CRY (2019). "Çocuk Hakları ve Siz Örgütü", https:// www. cry. org/ statistics- on- children, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Datt, G., & Uhe, L. (2019). A Little Help May Be No Help at All: Size of Scholarships and Child Labour in Nepal. The Journal of Development Studies, 55(6), 1158-1181.
• Dillon, A. (2012). Child Labour and Schooling Responses to Production and Health Shocks in Northern Mali. Journal of African Economies, 22(2), 276-299.
• Dwibedi, J. K., & Chaudhuri, S. (2010). Foreign Capital, Return to Education and Child Labour. International Review of Economics & Finance, 19(2), 278-286.
• Edmonds, E. V., & Schady, N. (2012). Poverty Alleviation and Child Labor. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(4), 100-124.
• Ekpenyong, S. N., & Sibiri, A. E. (2011). Street Trading and Child Labour in Yenegoa. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 4(1), 36-46.
• Erdoğan, E., & Uyan Semerci, P. (2018). Illegality in the Informal Labour Market: Findings from Pilot Research on Child Labour in Istanbul. Research and Policy on Turkey, 3(2), 138-154.
• Fatima, A. (2017). Child Labour in Pakistan: Addressing Supply and Demand Side Labour Market Dynamics. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(2), 294-311.
• Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Gee, K. A. (2010). Reducing Child Labour through Conditional Cash Transfers: Evidence from Nicaragua's Red de Protección Social. Development Policy Review, 28(6), 711-732.
• Haile, G., & Haile, B. (2012). Child Labour and Child Schooling in Rural Ethiopia: Nature and Trade-Off. Education Economics, 20(4), 365-385.
• Heissler, K. A. (2013). Rethinking ‘Trafficking’in Children's Migratory Processes: the Role of Social Networks in Child Labour Migration in Bangladesh. Children's Geographies, 11(1), 89-101.
• Hilson, G. (2010). Child Labour in African Artisanal Mining Communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana. Development and Change, 41(3), 445-473.
• Hou, X. (2010). Wealth: Crucial but not Sufficient–Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labour and Schooling. The Journal of Development Studies, 46(3), 439-465.
• Humphries, J. (2010). Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
• Hussain, A., Mahmood, B., Chaudhry, A., & Batool, Z. (2018). Factors Causing Child Labour of Rural Children in Markets of Faisalabad City. Journal of Agricultural Research (03681157), 56(2), 151-157.
• ILO (2017). "Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü'nün 2017 Çocuk İşçiliği Verileri", https:// www. ilo. org/ global/ topics/ child- labour/lang --en/ index. htm, Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2019.
• Imran, A., Farooq, F., & Chaudhry, I. S. (2016). The Determinants of Female Child Labour in Pakistan: The Case of Multan City. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2(1), 1-10.
• Iversen, V., & Ghorpade, Y. (2011). Misfortune, Misfits and what the City Gave and Took: the Stories of South-Indian Child Labour Migrants 1935–2005. Modern Asian Studies, 45(5), 1177-1226.
• Jørgensen, A., Lai, L. C., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2010). Assessing the Validity of Impact Pathways for Child Labour and Well-Being in Social Life Cycle Assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15(1), 5-16.
• Khan, A. (2010). Discourses on Childhood: Policy‐Making with regard to Child Labour in the Context of Competing Cultural and Economic Preceptions. History and Anthropology, 21(2), 101-119.
• Koomson, I., & Asongu, S. A. (2016). Relative Contribution of Child Labour to Household Farm and Non‐Farm Income in Ghana: Simulation with Child's Education. African Development Review, 28(1), 104-115.
• Kuimi, B. L. B., Oppong-Nkrumah, O., Kaufman, J., Nazif-Munoz, J. I., & Nandi, A. (2018). Child Labour and health: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Public Health, 63(5), 663-672.
• Menon, N. (2010). Investment Credit and Child Labour. Applied Economics, 42(12), 1461-1479.
• Mukhopadhaya, P., Bhattacharya, U., & MacMillan, C. (2012). Education for Child Labour: Evaluating the National Child Labour Policy in West Bengal, India. Journal of contemporary Asia, 42(4), 651-675.
• Omokhodion, F. O., & Uchendu, O. C. (2010). Perception and Practice of Child Labour among Parents of School‐Aged Children in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(3), 304-308.
• Parker, D., Fassa, A., & Scanlon, T. (2010). Understanding the Health Effects of Child Labour. Child Labour: A Public Health Perspective, 103-121.
• Phillips, N., Bhaskaran, R., Nathan, D., & Upendranadh, C. (2014). The Social Foundations of Global Production Networks: towards A Global Political Economy of Child Labour. Third World Quarterly, 35(3), 428-446.
• Rahman, M. M., & Khanam, R. (2012). Child Labour: The Effects of Globalisation. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 13(4), 59-71.
• Ray, R., & Chatterjee, B. (2010). Education Subsidy, Adult Unemployment and the Incidence of Child Labour in an Open Economy: A Three-Sector General Equilibrium Analysis. The Indian Economic Journal, 57(4), 37-59.
• Ray, R., & Chatterjee, B. (2013). Trade Restriction, Adult Unemployment and Incidence of Child Labour: A Three Sector General Equilibrium Analysis. Artha Vijnana, 55(3), 239-251.
• RCB (2019). "Bombay Rotary Kulübü", https:// rotaryclubofbombay. org/ about- rotary- club- of- bombay/ about- rotary- club- of- bombay. html, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Saussure, D. S. (2014) Genel Dilbilim Yazıları, Çev. Savaş Kılıç, İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
• SC (2019). "Çocukları Kurtarın Fonu", https:// www. savethechildren. net, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Self, S. (2011). Market and Non-Market Child Labour in Rural India: The Role of the Mother's Participation in the Labour Force. Oxford Development Studies, 39(3), 315-338.
• ST (2019). "İnsan Ticaretini Durdur Örgütü", https:// www. stopthetraffik. org/ who- we- are/ about- us/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Toh, Y. L. (2018). The Role of Land Wealth on Child Labour in Vietnam. Atlantic Economic Journal, 46(2), 247-248.
• TRSTY (2019). "UNICEF'in İkinci Kamu Spotu Reklamı", http:// advertising. trsty. com/ advertising/ campaign/ unicef- visual- advertising- charity, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• UNICEF (2019). "Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Çocuklara Acil Yardım Fonu", https:// www. unicef. org, Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2019.
• Vinković, M. (2010). The “Unbroken Marriage”–Trafficking and Child Labour in Europe. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(2), 87-102.