DOWN TO THE COUNTRYSIDE MOVEMENT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF MAOISM

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 90 - 111, 30.06.2024

Gül Çakı , Mehmet Ali Gazi

https://doi.org/10.53495/e-kiad.1484910

Öz

In the People's Republic of China, in 1968, within the framework of the campaign called “Down to the Countryside Movement”, Chinese young people began to be settled in rural areas. In this campaign, which was launched during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, an effort was made to increase the level of education in rural areas by ensuring the integration of educated young people in China with people in rural areas. Within the scope of the campaign, posters were prepared to encourage young people to be resettled in rural areas within the framework of Maoism ideology. In these posters, an attempt was made to both make young people adopt Maoism and to ensure that young people willingly settle in rural areas. Revealing the messages given through these posters is important in determining what kind of goals the Chinese administration has in the Down to the Countryside Movement. The study aimed to determine through which indicators and messages young people's migration to rural areas was encouraged through the posters used in the Down to the Countryside Movement and how Maoism was sought to be adopted by young people. In this context, the posters in the Down to the Countryside Movement were examined through semiotics method using Louis Hjelmslev's Sign Model. In the study, findings were found that an attempt was made to make Chinese youth adopt Maoism through the book Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung and to form the perception that young people were willing to migrate to the countryside. In this way, it was concluded in the study that by promoting Maoism through posters, Mao's personality cult was also adopted by Chinese youth, and at the same time, by presenting Chinese youth as willing to go to the countryside, a strong motivation was sought to be formed among Chinese youth for rural migration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maoism, Campaign, Education, Ideology, China

MAOİZM ÇERÇEVESİNDE KIRSALA DOĞRU HAREKET KAMPANYASI

Öz

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde 1968 yılında “Kırsala Doğru Hareket” adlı kampanya çerçevesinde Çinli gençler, kırsal kesimlere yerleştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Çin Kültür Devrimi sırasında başlatılan bu kampanyada Çin’de eğitimli gençlerin, kırsaldaki insanlarla bütünleşmesi sağlanarak kırsal alanda eğitim seviyesinin arttırılmasına çalışılmıştır. Kampanya kapsamında da Maoizm ideolojisi çerçevesinde gençlerin kırsal kesimlere yerleştirilmesini teşvik eden posterler hazırlanmıştır. Bu posterlerde hem gençlere Maoizm’in benimsetilmesi hem de gençlerin gönül rızasıyla kırsal kesime yerleşmesi sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu posterler üzerinden verilen mesajların ortaya konulması, Çin yönetiminin Kırsala Doğru Hareket Kampanyası’nda ne tür amaçlarının olduğunun tespit edilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada Kırsala Doğru Hareket Kampanyası’nda kullanılan posterler üzerinden gençlerin kırsala göçünün hangi göstergeler ve mesajlar üzerinden teşvik edildiğinin ve Maoizm’in gençlere ne şekilde benimsetilmeye çalışıldığının tespit edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada Kırsala Doğru Hareket Kampanyası’ndaki posterler, Louis Hjelmslev’in Gösterge Modeli kullanılarak göstergebilim yöntemi üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Başkan Mao’dan Seçme Sözler kitabı üzerinden Çinli gençlere Maoizm’in benimsetilmeye çalışıldığına ve gençlerin kırsala göç etme konusunda istekli olduğu yönünde algının oluşturulmaya çalışıldığına yönelik bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Bu şekilde çalışmada posterler üzerinden Maoizm benimsetilmesiyle birlikte Çin gençlerinde Mao’nun kişi kültünün de benimsetildiği, aynı zamanda Çinli gençlerin kırsala gitme konusunda istekli sunulmasıyla da Çinli gençler arasında kırsala göçe yönelik güçlü bir motivasyonun oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maoizm, Kampanya, Eğitim, İdeoloji, Çin

Kaynakça

• Alexander, R. J. (2001). Maoism in the developed world. The United States: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Bourg, J. (2005). The Red Guards of Paris: French student Maoism of the 1960s. History of European Ideas, 31(4), 472-490.
• Chien, C. I. (1975). Consolidate and carry forward the achievements in the movement up to the mountains and down to the countryside. Chinese Education, 8(3), 85-92.
• Ch'ing, T. (1975). A review of the socialist education movement in city and countryside. Chinese Education, 8(4), 104-112.
• Friedman, E. (1985). After Mao: Maoism and post-Mao China. Telos, 1985(65), 23-46.
• Friedman, E. (1987). Maoism and the liberation of the poor. World Politics, 39(3), 408-428.
• Goldman, R. (1968). Mao, Maoism and Mao-ology. Pacific Affairs, 41(4), 560-574.
• Gray, J. (1969). The economics of Maoism. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 25(2), 42-51.
• Gudavarthy, A. (2013). Democracy against Maoism, Maoism against itself. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(7), 69-76.
• Hornung, A. (2015). Maoism and postmodernism. European Review, 23(2), 261-272.
• Hsien, S. (1975). The placement is good, the education is good, the utilization is good: An investigation of Su Hsien's good job in working with educated youths going up to the mountains and down to the countryside. Chinese Education, 8(2), 22-31.
• Hutt, M. (2001). Monarchy, Maoism and democracy in Nepal. Conflict, Security & Development, 1(2), 93-101.
• Hwang, D. J., & Chang, L. K. (2008). Sport, Maoism and the Beijing Olympics. One century one ideology. China Perspectives, 2008(2008/1), 4-17.
• Lunhong, G. (1999). The experience of women of my generation in the countryside during and after the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 5(4), 74-90.
• Meisner, M. (1971). Leninism and Maoism: Some populist perspectives in Marxism-Leninism in China. The China Quarterly, 45, 2-36.
• Mitter, R. (2008). Maoism in the Cultural Revolution: A political religion? In R. Griffin, R. Mallett, & J. Tortorice (Eds.), The sacred in twentieth-century politics (pp. 143-165). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Riskin, C. (1981). Market, Maoism and economic reform in China. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 13(3), 31-41.
• Spitz, A. (1969). Maoism and the people's courts. Asian Survey, 9(4), 255-263.
• Starn, O. (1995). Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history. Journal of Latin American Studies, 27(2), 399-421.
• Walder, A. G. (1977). Marxism, Maoism, and social change: A reexamination of the "voluntarism" in Mao's strategy and thought. Modern China, 3(2), 125-160.
• Wei-Ming, T. (1996). Destructive will and ideological holocaust: Maoism as a source of social Ye, W., & Ma, X. (2005). Up to the mountains, down to the countryside. In W. Ye & X. Ma (Eds.), Growing up in the People’s Republic (pp. 97-127). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968a). Birinci poster. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/detail?id=https%3A%2F%2Fiisg.amsterdam%2Fid%2Fitem%2F1245183, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968b). İkinci poster. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/detail?id=https%3A%2F%2Fiisg.amsterdam%2Fid%2Fitem%2F1245210, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968c). Üçüncü poster. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/detail?id=https%3A%2F%2Fiisg.amsterdam%2Fid%2Fitem%2F1245193, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968d). Dördüncü poster. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/detail?id=https%3A%2F%2Fiisg.amsterdam%2Fid%2Fitem%2F1245218, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968e). Beşinci poster. https://search.iisg.amsterdam/Record/1245197, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1968f). Altıncı poster. https://search.iisg.amsterdam/Record/1245047, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1970a). Yedinci poster. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/detail?id=https%3A%2F%2Fiisg.amsterdam%2Fid%2Fitem%2F1497248, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
• International Institute of Social History (IIOSH). (1970b). Sekizinci poster. https://search.iisg.amsterdam/Record/1507352, adresinden 24 Nisan 2024 tarihinde erişilmiştir.