EFFECTS OF MEDIA DIGITALIZATION ON JOURNALIST EMPLOYMENT

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 32 - 53, 31.08.2022

Melıs Bakırmekik

Öz

With the development of technology, the uses of mass communication devices have also begun to change. Production and consumption of news have evolved, thus new duty descriptions have emerged. Especially with online journalism, the requirement to have various skills has emerged about media professionals who will work in this area. Besides traditionalist qualities that conventional media workers have, some qualifications that are brought by digitalization have been made obligatory for them and this has lead to the danger of employment loss. The aim of this research is especially digitalization and the changes that take place in the media connected to problems of employment for journalists. In this context, in addition to the employment areas in the conventional media, new employment areas that emerged with the digitalization of the media were examined. In addition to the additional employment area of media digitalization, the emerging disadvantages were also examined, and the positive and negative aspects of media digitalization were compared. In the study, it was concluded that despite the new employment areas, media digitalization has the potential to have negative consequences for journalism and the workforce of journalists.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digital Media, New Media, Journalist, Employment, Unemployment

Kaynakça

• Borch, O. J. & Marina, S. (2015). Innovation on the open sea: Examining competence transfer and open innovation in the design of offshore vessels. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(9), 17-22.
• Burki, A. A. & Khan, M. A. (2013). Agglomeration economies and their effects on technical inefficiency of manufacturing firms: Evidence from Pakistan. International Growth Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, Working Paper (No: 03).
• Carlino, G. & Kerr, W. R. (2014). Agglomeration and innovation. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper (No: 20367).
• Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open Business Models: How to Thrive in The New Innovation Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
• Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harward Business School Press.
• Deng, S. & Dart, J. (1994). Measuring market orientation: A multi-factor, multi-item approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 10(8), 725-742.
• Duranton, G. & Kerr, W. R. (2015). The logic of agglomeration. Harward Business School, Working Paper, (No: 16-037).
• Eren, A. S. (2016). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin girişimcilik özelliklerinin belirlenmesine yönelik nicel bir araştırma. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 5(1), 97-128.
• Fritsch, M. & Stuetzer, M. (2009). The geography of creative people in Germany. International Journal Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1/2/3), 1-23.
• Glaeser, E. L. (2010). Agglomeration Economics. The Univesity of Chicago Press, National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Gök, C. & Çelik, P. (2017). Tourism Education and Innovation. Turkey: Innovation and Global Issues in Social Sciences, Congress Book, Patara, April 27-29, Kaş, Antalya. 29
• Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., Kılıc, K. & Alpkan, L. (2011). Effects of innovation types on firm performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 133(2), 662-676.
• Henard, D. & Szymanski, D. (2001). Why some new products are more successful than others. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(3), 362-75.
• Inegöl Mobilya Sanayiciler Derneği. (2020). https://www.imos.org.tr/kurumsal/.
• Johansson, B., Karlsson, C. & Stough, R. R. (2009). Agglomeration economies and firm growth: Testing for spatial externalities in the Dutch ICT industry. In K. Charlie, B. Johansson, R. R. Stough (Eds.), New Horizons in Regional Science. MPG Books Group, Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Kaynak, R. & Maden, O. (2012). İnovasyonda sınırların genişlemesi: Açık inovasyon. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 31-47.
• Krause, W. & Schutte, C. S. L. (2015). A perspective on open innovation in small- and medium sized enterprises in South Africa, and design requirements for an open innovation. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, Bedfordview, 26(1), 163-178.
• Lin, C.Y. & Chen, M.Y. (2007). Does innovation lead to performance? An empirical study of SMEs in Taiwan. Management Research News, 30(2), 115–132.
• Marins, L. (2008). The challenge of measuring innovation in emerging economies’ firms: A proposal of a new set of indicators on innovation. United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation and Technology.
• Nestle, V., Taube, F. A., Heidenreich, S. & Bogers, M. (2019). Establishing open innovation culture in cluster initiatives: The role of trust and information asymmetry. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 146, 563-572.
• Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
• OECD (2005). Oslo manual: Proposed guidelines for collecting and interpreting technological innovation data. Paris.
• Özdevecioğlu, M. & Biçkes, D. M. (2012). Örgütsel öğrenme ve inovasyon ilişkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (39), 19-45.
• Parveen, S., Amat Senin A., & Arslan, U. (2015). Organizational culture and open innovation: A quadruple helix open innovation model approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Special Issues, 5(1), 335-342.
• Piller, F. T. & Walcher, D. (2006). Toolkits for idea competitions: A novel method to integrate users in new product development. R&D Management, 36(3), 307–318.
• Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review, Free Press, March-April.
• Porter, M. E. (2008). Rekabet Stratejisi (Çev. Ulubilgen G.). Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
• Porter, M.E. (1998). Clusters and new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 77-90.
• Pouder, J. & John, C. (1996). Hot spots and blind spots: Geographical clusters of firms and innovation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1192-1225.
• Qu, C., SHAO, J. & Shi, Z. (2020). Does financial agglomeration promote the increase of energy efficiency in China? Energy Policy, 146, 1-15.
• Reguia, C. (2014). Product innovation and the competitive advantage. European Scientific Journal, 1(1), 140-157.
• Schillo, R. S. & Robinson, R. M. (2017). Inclusive innovation in developed countries: The who, what, why, and how. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(7), 34-46.
• Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenilirlik ve Geçelilik (1. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık, Eskişehir.
• Seyfettinoğlu, Ü. & Taşdoğan, C. (2014). Açık inovasyon ve firma performansı ilişkisi: Türkiye gıda ve içecek sanayi örneği. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 29(338), 09-38.
• Stanisławski, R. (2020). Open innovation as a value chain for small and medium-sized enterprises: Determinants of the use of open innovation. Sustainability, 12(8), 1-24.
• Sviokla, J., Wasden, C., Ampil, C., Church, E., Yu, L. A. & Schreibman, S. (2011). Demystifying innovation: Take down the barriers to new growth. PWC Technology Forecast, 2, 1-24.
• Tsuji, M., Giovannetti, E. & Kagami, M. (2007). Industrial agglomeration and new technologies: A global perspective. In M. Tsuji, E. Giovannetti, & M. Kagami (Eds.) New Horizons in Regional Science. Edwar Elgar Publishing Limited.
• Van Oort, F. & Stam, E. (2009). Agglomeration economies and firm growth: Testing for spatial externalities in the Dutch ICT industry. New Horizons in Regional Science. MPG Books Group, Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Vila, N. & Kuster, I. (2007). The importance of innovation in international textile firms. Europen Journal of Marketing, 41(1/2), 17-36.
• Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (11. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık, Eskişehir.