Modelling Top Soil Erosion Depend on Stand Profile for Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana) Plantation in a Semi-Arid Ecosystem in Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 33 - 42, 28.12.2018

Sezgin Hacısalihoğlu , Zafer Yücesan , Ercan Oktan , Uğur Kezik Hakan Karadağ

https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.493001

Öz

This paper
researches top-soil loss depends on Anatolian black pine stands by different canopy
density. The stand profile is playing an important role on the living and
non-living environment in the ecosystem and it affects directly canopy density
(CD), leaf area index and silvicultural treatments and indirectly affects the
soil properties. Within the scope of the study, three different canopy
densities (60%, 80%, 90%) were taken and the stand profiles were determined by
an 20x20 meter sample plots representing the stand. All sample plots were
selected under the same habitat conditions (Slope: 5%, Aspect: Northwest,
Elevation: 1070 m) to estimate top soil loss model. As a result, the amount of
top soil loss was determined as 0.052 t/ha/yr in 60% CD, 0.037 t/ha/yr in 80%
CD and 0.017 t/ha/yr in 90% CD respectively. In addition, multiple regression model
(Linear, R²=0.96) was developed to estimate annual top soil loss
depend on DBH (diameter of breast height), and tree height. On the other hand,
simple regression model (Quadratic, R²=0.98) using tree height
variable was improved. Furthermore, more advanced models can be developed in
the future by using the stand parameters in different ecological conditions and
slope gradients.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil loss, Canopy density, Anatolian Black Pine, Stand profile, ABAG

Kaynakça

• Aide T.M., Zimmerman J.K., Herrera L., Rosario M., Serrano M. 1995. Forest recovery in abandoned tropical pastures in Puerto Rico. Forest Ecology and Management. 77: 77-86.
• Agner T. C. 2004.. Postindustrial society and the environment a proposal for the application of emergy. Proceedings of IV Biennial International Workshop “Advances in Energy Studies”. Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brazil. June 16-19, pp. 197-205.
• Allison L.E. 1965. Organic Carbon: Walkley-Black Method. In: Methods of Analysis. Agronomy Monographs No: 9, Part 2. American Society Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp.1367-1378.
• Benayas J.M.R., Martins A., Nicolau J.M., Schulz J.J. 2007. Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources. 2:057.
• Binkley D., Stape J. L., Ryan M. G., Barnard H. R., Fownes J. 2002. Age- related Dicline in Forest Ecosystem Growth: An Individual Tree, Stand – Structure Hypothesis. Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University. Ecosystems, 5: 58- 67.
• Bouyoucos G.J. 1962. Hydrometer Method Improved for Making Particle Size Analyses of Soils. Agronomy Journal. 54, 464-465.
• Kartieranleitung B. B. 1994. Bodenkundlische Kartieranleitung, 4. Auflage E. Page number?
• Cotler H., Larrocea M.P.O. 2006. Effects of land use on soil erosion in a tropical dry forest ecosystem, Chamela watershed, Mexico. Catena. 65:107-117.
• ÇEM, 2017. Forestation and rehabilitation guide for arid and semi-arid areas. The Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey, General Directorate Combating desertification and erosion. Department of Erosion Control. Available from: http://www.cem.gov.tr/erozyon/anasayfa (Last accessed on 5April 2018).
• ÇEM 2018. Turkey desertification risk map. Available on line.http://www.cem.gov.tr/erozyon/ AnaSayfa/ulusal_izleme_sistemlerimiz.aspx?sflang=tr (Last accessed on January 22, 2018).
• Diez J.A., Polo A., Diaz-Burgos M.A., Cerri C.C., Feigl B.J., Piccola M.C. 1997. Effect of fallow land, cultivated pasture and abandoned pasture on soil fertility in two deforested amazonian regions. Sci. agric. 54:1-2.
• Doğan, O. and C. Güçer, 1976. Causes of Water Erosion-Formation and Determination of Soil Loss by Universal Soil Loss Equation., General Directorate of Soil Water, Central Soil Water Research Institute, General Publication No. 41, Technical Publication No. 21, Ankara-Turkey.
• Ertekin M. and Özel H. B. 2010. Afforestation of Crimean Pine and Lebonan Cedar in terms of Combating Erosion in Corum Region. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry. 12(4):77-85.
• Falge E., Ryel R. J., Alsheimer M., Tenhunen J. D. 1996. Effects of stand structure and physiology on forest gas exchange: a simulation study for Norway spruce. Trees, 11: 436-448.
• Grigg D. 1987. Land Transformation in Agriculture. Edited by M. G. Wolman and F. G. A. Fournier. Published by John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 4, The Industrial Revolution and Land Transformation, SCOPE. p. 74-109.
• Güner, Ş. T., Çömez, A., Karataş, R., Çelik, N. and Özkan, K. 2011. Relationships between some environmental characteristics and site index of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasina (Lamb.) Holmboe) plantation areas in the Eskisehir and Afyonkarahisar Provinces. Rebuplic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Research Institute For Forest Soils And Ecology. Technical Report: 1, Pub. no: 434/4.
• Hacısalihoğlu S. 2004. Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of So,l Erosion in Different Land Use Types and Slope Conditions with a Comparation of the Results of USLE Simulation Model (Universal Soil Loss Equation) in Behind of the Black Sea Region in Gumushane City. PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology. 146p.
• Hacisalihoğlu S., Mısır M., Mısır N., Yücesan Z., Oktan E., Gümüş S., Kezik U. 2017. The Effects of Land Use Change on Soil Loss and Carbon Stock Amounts, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26: 1-13.
• Hann, Dawid W. 1997. Equations for predicting the largest crown width of stand grown trees in western Oregon. Oregon State University. Forest Research Lab. Research Contribution 17, 19 p.
• Hyink, David M., Moser J. W. 1983. A Generalized Framework for Projecting Forest Yield and Stand Structure Using Diameter Distributions. Society of American Foresters, Forest Science, 29 (11): 85-95.
• Hyyppa J., Kelle O., Lehikoinen M., Inkinen M. 2001. A segmentation- based method to retrieve stem volume estimates from 3-D tree height models produced by laser scanners. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Volume 39.
• Inoue Y., Kiyono Y., Asai H., Ochiai Y., Qi J., Olioso A., Shiraiwa T., Horie T., Saito K., Dounagsvanh L. 2010. Assessing land-use and carbon stock in slash-and-burn ecosystems in tropical mountain of Laos based on time-series satellite images. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 12(4):287-297.
• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2015. Land Degradation and Climate Change The multiple benefits of sustainable land management in the drylands. Technical Reports. CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.
• Kosmas, C., Danalatos, N., Cammeraat, L.H., Chabart, M., Diamantopoulos, J., Farand, R.,Gutiérrez, L., Jacob, A., Marques, H., Martínez-Fernández, J., Mizara, A., Moutakas, N.,Nicolau, J.M.,
• Oliveros, C., Pinna, G., Puddu, R., Puigdefábregas, J., Roxo, M., Simao, A., Stamou, G., Tomasi, N., Usai, D., Vacca, A. 1997. The effect of land use on runoff and soil erosion rates under Mediterranean conditions. Catena 29:45–59.
• Latham P. A., Zuuring H. R., Coble D. W. 1998. A method for quantiying vertical forest structure. Forest Ecology and Management. 104 (1-3): 157-170.
• Maitima J.M., Mugatha S.M., Reid R.S., Gachimbi L.N., Majule A., Lyaruu H., Pomery D., Mathia S., Mugisha S. 2009. The linkages between land use change, land degradation and biodiversity across East Africa. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3(10): 310-325.
• Marshall D. D., Johnson G. P., Hann W.D. 2003. Crown profile equations for stand grown western hemlock trees in Northwestern Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33(11): 2059 - 2066.
• MGM 2018. (Turkish State Meteorological Service) Turkey. Online at https://www.mgm.gov.tr/iklim/ iklim-siniflandirmalari.aspx?m=ANKARA (Last accessed on 09 January, 2018).
• Schwertmann U., Vogl W., Kainz M.. 1990. Bodenerosion durch Wasser: Vorhersage des Abtrags und Bewertung von Gegenmassnahmen. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart. Page number?
• Offiong R. A., Iwara A. I. 2012. Quantifying the Stock of Soil Organic Carbon Using Multiple Regression Model in a Fallow Vegetation, Southern Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 5(2): 166-172.
• Özhan S., Balcı N., Özyuvacı N., Hızal A., Gökbulak F., Serengil Y. 2005. Cover and management factors for the Universal Soil – Loss Equation for forest ecosystem in the Marmara region, Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 214(1-3): 118-123.
• Pascual U. 2005. Land use intensification potential in slash-and-burn farming through improvements in technical efficiency. Ecological Economics. 52(4):497-511.
• Polat, S., Polat, O., Kantarcı, D., Tüfekçi, S., Aksay, Y. 2014. Relations between height development and some habitat characteristics of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) and Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) in afforestation areas in Mersin-Kadıncık Watershed. General Directorate of Forestry, J. of Forest Research, 1 (1): 22-37.
• Richter G. 1998. Bodenerosion (Analyse und Bilanz eines Umweltproblems), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. 264p.
• Rivas T. 2006. Erosion Control Treatment Selection Guide. USDA Forest Service Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests and Pawnee National Grasslands U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USA.
• Same J.K., Woomer P.L., Appolinaire M., Louis Z. 1997. Carbon dynamics in slash-and-burn agriculture and land use alternatives of the humid forest zone in Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 65(3):245-256.
• Saxton K.E., Rawls W.J., Romberger J.S., Papendick R.I. 1986. Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 50 (4): 1031.
• Staupendahl K. 2003. Tree Draw for Windows, ARGUS Forstplanung, Gottingen. Page number?
• Thornes J.B. 1990. The interaction of erosional and vegetational dynamics in land degradation: spatial outcomes. In: Thornes, J.B. (Ed.), Vegetation and Erosion. Processes and Environments. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 41–53.
• Uslu S. 1969. The Importance of Forests In Terms of Soil Conservation and Hydrology. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, A19(2): 47-54.
• Wainwright, J., Thornes, J.B. 2004. Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean. Processes and Perspectives from the Past and Present. Routledge, London. 479 pp.
• Walling D.E. 1983. The sediment delivery problem. Journal of Hydrology, 65(1-3):209-237
• Walter H., Harnickell E., Mueller-Domboi D. 1975. Climate-diagram maps of the individual continents and the ecological climatic regions of the earth. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 3-540-07065-6.
• Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses, A Guide to Conservation Planning, USDA. Supersedes Agriculture Handbook No.282, Washington.
• Yücesan, Z., Hacısalihoğlu, S., Oktan, E. and Özçelik, S. 2013. Soil Loss Under Different Release Cutting Intensities in an Artificial Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Stand. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 4:251-266.
• Yücesan Z., Özcelik S., Oktan, E. 2015. Effects of thinning on stand structure and tree stability in an afforested oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand in northeast Turkey. J.For.Res. 26(1):123-129.