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Inequalities in Healthcare Services and Access to Innovative Health Technologies

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 22, 249 - 257, 31.01.2021

Mucize Sarıhan

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.844085

Öz

Removal of inequality from the health point of view, which has occurred with the same level of health care services, has taken place in the health policies of our country. Research conducted in developed countries shows that equality must be established so that health care delivery can be done on equal footing.
In health organizations, the provision of equal health care services is carried out by measuring whether the expenditure of labor is effective and whether it is processed and processed in the course of the years.
In the study, conceptual health inequalities were examined. In particular, innovative health technologies, which have recently gained momentum in health services, and the inequality and injustice in accessing these technologies have been emphasized. Besides, the compulsory elements for eliminating health care inequalities in which health services were presented in health organizations were investigated. The benefits of these elements in the development of their work to remove the inequality during application have been examined. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health Patient Inequality in Health Health Technologies

Kaynakça

  • Alma-Ata Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Uluslararası Konferansı. 1978; http://undp.un.org.tr/who/ALMAATA.HTM, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Barclay G, Sabina A and Graham G. (2014). Population health and technology: Placing people first. Am J Public Health 2014; 104: 2246–2247. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302334 PMID: 25320892
  • Beckfield J, Bambra C, Eikemo TA, Huijts T, McNamara C and Wendt C. (2015). An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health. Social Theory & Health 2015: 227–244.
  • Belek İ. (1998). Sınıf Sağlık Eşitsizlik. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul, Sorun yayınları.
  • Belek İ. (1999). Sınıflar; sağlık düzeyleri, sağlık hizmeti kullanımları ve yararlandıkları sağlık kurumları antalya’da iki bölge, yedi sınıf. Toplum ve Hekim.14: 55-67.
  • Bruin A, Picavet HSJ, Nossikov A. (1996). Health Interview Surveys. Finland, WHO, 98.
  • Brunner E. (1997). Socioeconomic determinants of health. British Medical Journal, 314:1472.
  • Casper MJ and Morrison DR. (2010). Medical sociology and technology critical engagements. J Health Soc Behav 51: S120–S132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383493 PMID: 20943577
  • Chang VW and Lauderdale DS. (2009). Fundamental Cause Theory, Technological Innovation, and Health Disparities: The Case of Cholesterol in the Era of Statins. J Health Soc Behav 2009; 50: 245–260. Article; Proceedings Paper. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000301 PMID: 19711804
  • Cockerham WC. (2005). Health Lifestyle Theory and the Convergence of Agency and Structure. J Health Soc Behav, 46: 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600105 PMID: 15869120
  • Çilingiroğlu N. (2001). Ekonomik gelişme ve sağlık ekonomisi. Yeni Türkiye, 40:1594-1613.
  • Dedeoğlu N. (2004). Sağlık ve Yoksulluk. Toplum ve Hekim, 19:51-53.
  • DSÖ (2000). 21. Yüzyılda Herkes İçin Sağlık 21 Hedef, http://undp.un.org.tr/who/doc_pdf/health21_tr.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017.
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  • DSÖ (2012). The World Health Report, http://www.who.int/whr/2012/en/whr02_en.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (2017). The World Health Report, http://undp.un.org.tr/who/yayinlar/dso97.htm, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (2003). The World Health Report, http://www.who.int/mental_health/en/investing_in_mnh_final.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (1998) 21. Yüzyılda Yaşam Herkes İçin Bir Vizyon. Cenevre. Çeviri Ed. Metin B, Akın A, Güngör İ. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, Ankara, 1-10.
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  • Erengin K, Dedeoğlu N. (1998). Sağlıkta eşitsizliğin gösterilmesi. Toplum ve Hekim, 13:105-109.
  • Fong H and Harris E. (2015) Technology, innovation and health equity. Bull World Health Organ 93: 438–438. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.155952 PMID: 26170497
  • Freese J and Lutfey K. (2011). Fundamental causality: challenges of an animating concept for medical sociology. Handbook of the sociology of health, illness, and healing. Springer, pp.67–81.
  • Glied S and Lleras-Muney A. (2008). Technological innovation and inequality in health. Demography, 45: 741–761. PMID: 18939670
  • Goel MS, Brown TL, Williams A, Hasnain-Wynia R, Thompson JA and Baker DW. (2011). Disparities in enrollment and use of an electronic patient portal. J Gen Intern Med, 26: 1112–1116. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11606-011-1728-3 PMID: 21538166
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  • Gwatkin DR. (2000). health inequalities and the health of the poor: what do we know? what can we do?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78:3-15.
  • Hamzaoğlu O. (2004). Yoksulların Sağlığı Ne Durumda, Etken Ne, Sorun Nasıl Çözülür? Toplum ve Hekim, 19: 54–57.
  • Henderson C, Thornicroft G, Glover G. (1998). Inequalities In Mental Health. Br J Psychiatry, 173:105-109.
  • Hing E and Burt CW. (2009). Are there patient disparities when electronic health records are adopted? J Health Care Poor Underserved, 20: 473–488. Article. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0143 PMID: 19395843 46.
  • İlik B. (1992). Yoksulluğun Genel Belirleyicileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Hizmetler Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Konya, 81–86.
  • İnandı T. (1999). Sağlık hakkı ve eşitsizlikler. Toplum ve Hekim, 14: 357-361.
  • İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi. 1948; http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/203-208.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Johansson, L. M., & Sundquist, J. (1997). The influence of ethnicity and social and demographic factors on Swedish suicide rates. A four year follow-up study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology: The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 32(3), 165–170.
  • Koçoğlu D. (2009) Sosyoekonomik eşitsizliklerin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. DEUHYO ED. 2:145-154.
  • Korda RJ, (2011). Clements MS and Dixon J. Socioeconomic inequalities in the diffusion of health technology: Uptake of coronary procedures as an example. Soc Sci Med, 72: 224–229. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.002 PMID: 21147510
  • Kunst AE, (1995). Mackenbach JP. Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health. Copenhagen: WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/document/PAE/Measrpd416.pd, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Kunst AE, (1995). Mackenbach JP. Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health. Copenhagen: WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/document/PAE/Measrpd416.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Lupton D. (2015). Health promotion in the digital era: a critical commentary. Health Promot Int, 30: 174– 183. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau091 PMID: 25320120
  • Lupton D. (2016). The quantified self. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lutfey K and Freese J. (2005). Toward some fundamentals of fundamental causality: socioeconomic status and health in the routine clinic visit for diabetes1. American Journal of Sociology, 110: 1326– 1372.
  • Mackenbach JP. (2012). The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: the explanation of a paradox. Soc Sci Med ,75: 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.031 PMID: 22475407
  • McGibbon E and Peter E. (2008). An Ethnography of Everyday Caring for the Living, the Dying, and the Dead Toward a Biomedical Technography. Qualitative Inquiry, 14: 1134–1156.
  • Mills C. (1999). Equity and health: key issues and WHO’s role (Eşitlik ve sağlık anahtar konular ve WHO’nun Rolü) Çeviren: Belek İ, Toplum ve Hekim, 14:145-149.
  • Newhouse N, Lupianez-Villanueva F, Codagnone C and Atherton H. (2015). Patient Use of Email for Health Care Communication Purposes Across 14 European Countries: An Analysis of Users According to Demographic and Health-Related Factors. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17: 11. Article. https://doi.org/10. 2196/jmir.3700 PMID: 25798912
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  • Özgür G. (1993). Sosyal destek ve sağlık. Toplum ve Hekim, 43:25-26.
  • Pala K. (2002). Temel sağlık hizmetleriyle ilgili uluslararası alma ata toplantısı. Toplum ve Hekim, 17:101-106.
  • Perez SL, Kravitz RL, Bell RA, Chan MS and Paterniti DA. (2016). Characterizing internet health information seeking strategies by socioeconomic status: a mixed methods approach. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 16: 9. Article. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0246.a.
  • Phelan JC and Link BG. 820139. Fundamental cause theory. Medical sociology on the move. Springer, pp.105–125.
  • Phelan JC, Link BG, Diez-Roux A, Kawachi I and Levin B. (2004). “Fundamental causes” of social inequalities in mortality: a test of the theory. J Health Soc Behav, 45: 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 002214650404500303 PMID: 15595507
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Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Yenilikçi Sağlık Teknolojilerine Erişimde Eşitsizlikler

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 22, 249 - 257, 31.01.2021

Mucize Sarıhan

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.844085

Öz

Hastalara sunumu yapılan sağlık hizmetlerinin aynı düzeyde gerçekleşmesi ile ortaya çıkmış olan sağlık açısından eşitsizliğin ortadan kaldırılması durumu ülkemizin sağlık politikaları içinde yerini almıştır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde yapılmakta olan araştırmalar, sağlık hizmet sunumlarının eşit ortamlarda yapılabilmesi için eşitliğin oluşturulmasının gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Sağlık örgütlerinde hastalara eşit sağlık hizmeti sunumu yapılabilmesi için sarf edilen emeğin etkin olup olmadığı ve seneler boyunca sürecin işleyip işlemediği yapılan ölçümlemeler ile gerçekleştirilmektedir.
Araştırmada kavramsal olarak sağlık açısından eşitsizliklerin incelenmesi sağlanmıştır. Özellikle sağlık hizmetlerinde son dönemlerde yapılan küresel olarak hız kazanan yenilikçi sağlık teknolojileri ve bu teknolojilere ulaşım konusundaki eşitsizlik ve adaletsizlikler üzerine durulmuştur. Bunun yanında, sağlık örgütlerinde hastalara sunumu yapılan sağlık hizmetleri eşitsizliklerinin giderilmesi için zorunlu bulunan unsurlar araştırılmıştır. Bu unsurların uygulama sırasında eşitsizliğin ortadan kaldırılması çalışmalarının gelişiminde faydaları incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık Hasta Sağlıkta Eşitsizlik Sağlık Teknolojileri

Kaynakça

  • Alma-Ata Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Uluslararası Konferansı. 1978; http://undp.un.org.tr/who/ALMAATA.HTM, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Barclay G, Sabina A and Graham G. (2014). Population health and technology: Placing people first. Am J Public Health 2014; 104: 2246–2247. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302334 PMID: 25320892
  • Beckfield J, Bambra C, Eikemo TA, Huijts T, McNamara C and Wendt C. (2015). An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health. Social Theory & Health 2015: 227–244.
  • Belek İ. (1998). Sınıf Sağlık Eşitsizlik. Birinci Baskı. İstanbul, Sorun yayınları.
  • Belek İ. (1999). Sınıflar; sağlık düzeyleri, sağlık hizmeti kullanımları ve yararlandıkları sağlık kurumları antalya’da iki bölge, yedi sınıf. Toplum ve Hekim.14: 55-67.
  • Bruin A, Picavet HSJ, Nossikov A. (1996). Health Interview Surveys. Finland, WHO, 98.
  • Brunner E. (1997). Socioeconomic determinants of health. British Medical Journal, 314:1472.
  • Casper MJ and Morrison DR. (2010). Medical sociology and technology critical engagements. J Health Soc Behav 51: S120–S132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383493 PMID: 20943577
  • Chang VW and Lauderdale DS. (2009). Fundamental Cause Theory, Technological Innovation, and Health Disparities: The Case of Cholesterol in the Era of Statins. J Health Soc Behav 2009; 50: 245–260. Article; Proceedings Paper. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000301 PMID: 19711804
  • Cockerham WC. (2005). Health Lifestyle Theory and the Convergence of Agency and Structure. J Health Soc Behav, 46: 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600105 PMID: 15869120
  • Çilingiroğlu N. (2001). Ekonomik gelişme ve sağlık ekonomisi. Yeni Türkiye, 40:1594-1613.
  • Dedeoğlu N. (2004). Sağlık ve Yoksulluk. Toplum ve Hekim, 19:51-53.
  • DSÖ (2000). 21. Yüzyılda Herkes İçin Sağlık 21 Hedef, http://undp.un.org.tr/who/doc_pdf/health21_tr.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017.
  • DSÖ (1995). The World Health Report, http://www.who.int/whr/1995/en/whr95_en.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017.
  • DSÖ (2012). The World Health Report, http://www.who.int/whr/2012/en/whr02_en.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (2017). The World Health Report, http://undp.un.org.tr/who/yayinlar/dso97.htm, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (2003). The World Health Report, http://www.who.int/mental_health/en/investing_in_mnh_final.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • DSÖ (1998) 21. Yüzyılda Yaşam Herkes İçin Bir Vizyon. Cenevre. Çeviri Ed. Metin B, Akın A, Güngör İ. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, Ankara, 1-10.
  • Erdem T. (2003) Yoksulluk Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Çalışma „Ankara Kent Yoksulları’. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 126–135.
  • Erengin K, Dedeoğlu N. (1998). Sağlıkta eşitsizliğin gösterilmesi. Toplum ve Hekim, 13:105-109.
  • Fong H and Harris E. (2015) Technology, innovation and health equity. Bull World Health Organ 93: 438–438. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.155952 PMID: 26170497
  • Freese J and Lutfey K. (2011). Fundamental causality: challenges of an animating concept for medical sociology. Handbook of the sociology of health, illness, and healing. Springer, pp.67–81.
  • Glied S and Lleras-Muney A. (2008). Technological innovation and inequality in health. Demography, 45: 741–761. PMID: 18939670
  • Goel MS, Brown TL, Williams A, Hasnain-Wynia R, Thompson JA and Baker DW. (2011). Disparities in enrollment and use of an electronic patient portal. J Gen Intern Med, 26: 1112–1116. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11606-011-1728-3 PMID: 21538166
  • Gonzales AL, Ems L and Suri VR. (2016). Cell phone disconnection disrupts access to healthcare and health resources: A technology maintenance perspective. New Media Soc, 18: 1422–1438. Article. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814558670 43.
  • Gwatkin DR. (2000). health inequalities and the health of the poor: what do we know? what can we do?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78:3-15.
  • Hamzaoğlu O. (2004). Yoksulların Sağlığı Ne Durumda, Etken Ne, Sorun Nasıl Çözülür? Toplum ve Hekim, 19: 54–57.
  • Henderson C, Thornicroft G, Glover G. (1998). Inequalities In Mental Health. Br J Psychiatry, 173:105-109.
  • Hing E and Burt CW. (2009). Are there patient disparities when electronic health records are adopted? J Health Care Poor Underserved, 20: 473–488. Article. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0143 PMID: 19395843 46.
  • İlik B. (1992). Yoksulluğun Genel Belirleyicileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyal Hizmetler Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Konya, 81–86.
  • İnandı T. (1999). Sağlık hakkı ve eşitsizlikler. Toplum ve Hekim, 14: 357-361.
  • İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi. 1948; http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/203-208.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Johansson, L. M., & Sundquist, J. (1997). The influence of ethnicity and social and demographic factors on Swedish suicide rates. A four year follow-up study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology: The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 32(3), 165–170.
  • Koçoğlu D. (2009) Sosyoekonomik eşitsizliklerin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. DEUHYO ED. 2:145-154.
  • Korda RJ, (2011). Clements MS and Dixon J. Socioeconomic inequalities in the diffusion of health technology: Uptake of coronary procedures as an example. Soc Sci Med, 72: 224–229. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.002 PMID: 21147510
  • Kunst AE, (1995). Mackenbach JP. Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health. Copenhagen: WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/document/PAE/Measrpd416.pd, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Kunst AE, (1995). Mackenbach JP. Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health. Copenhagen: WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/document/PAE/Measrpd416.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017
  • Lupton D. (2015). Health promotion in the digital era: a critical commentary. Health Promot Int, 30: 174– 183. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau091 PMID: 25320120
  • Lupton D. (2016). The quantified self. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lutfey K and Freese J. (2005). Toward some fundamentals of fundamental causality: socioeconomic status and health in the routine clinic visit for diabetes1. American Journal of Sociology, 110: 1326– 1372.
  • Mackenbach JP. (2012). The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: the explanation of a paradox. Soc Sci Med ,75: 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.031 PMID: 22475407
  • McGibbon E and Peter E. (2008). An Ethnography of Everyday Caring for the Living, the Dying, and the Dead Toward a Biomedical Technography. Qualitative Inquiry, 14: 1134–1156.
  • Mills C. (1999). Equity and health: key issues and WHO’s role (Eşitlik ve sağlık anahtar konular ve WHO’nun Rolü) Çeviren: Belek İ, Toplum ve Hekim, 14:145-149.
  • Newhouse N, Lupianez-Villanueva F, Codagnone C and Atherton H. (2015). Patient Use of Email for Health Care Communication Purposes Across 14 European Countries: An Analysis of Users According to Demographic and Health-Related Factors. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17: 11. Article. https://doi.org/10. 2196/jmir.3700 PMID: 25798912
  • Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion. First International Conference On Health Promotion. Ottawa, 1986; WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017.
  • Özgür G. (1993). Sosyal destek ve sağlık. Toplum ve Hekim, 43:25-26.
  • Pala K. (2002). Temel sağlık hizmetleriyle ilgili uluslararası alma ata toplantısı. Toplum ve Hekim, 17:101-106.
  • Perez SL, Kravitz RL, Bell RA, Chan MS and Paterniti DA. (2016). Characterizing internet health information seeking strategies by socioeconomic status: a mixed methods approach. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 16: 9. Article. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0246.a.
  • Phelan JC and Link BG. 820139. Fundamental cause theory. Medical sociology on the move. Springer, pp.105–125.
  • Phelan JC, Link BG, Diez-Roux A, Kawachi I and Levin B. (2004). “Fundamental causes” of social inequalities in mortality: a test of the theory. J Health Soc Behav, 45: 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 002214650404500303 PMID: 15595507
  • Piot P. (2012). Innovation and technology for global public health. Global public health, 7: S46–S53. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.698294 PMID: 22780442
  • Poulton R, Caspi A, Milne B.J, Thomson W.M, Taylor A, Soars M. (2002). Association Between Children’s Experience of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adult Health: A Life Course Study. Lancet,360: 1640-45
  • Rahkonen O, Lahelma E, Martikainen P, Silventoinen K. (2002). Determainents of Health Inequalities by Come From The 1980s to The 1990s in Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 56:442-443.
  • Rawlins R, William S, Beck C. (1997). Mental Health Nursing. London. Mosby Year Book.
  • Rogers EM. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press, New York.
  • Sorias O. 1988. Sosyal Destekler ve Ruh Sağlığı. Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 27:359-363.
  • Sorias O. (1988). Sosyal Desteklerin Ruhsal sağlığı koruyucu etkisinin depresyonlu ve sağlıklı kontrollerde araştırılması. Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 27:1033-1099.
  • Stronks K, Van De Mheen H, Can den Bos J, Mackenbach JP. (1997). The Interrelationship Between Income, Health and Employment Status. Journal of Epidemiology, 26(1):592-600.
  • Swan M. (2009). Emerging patient-driven health care models: an examination of health social networks, consumer personalized medicine and quantified self-tracking. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 6: 492–525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6020492 PMID: 19440396.
  • Turner B. (1997). Equality (Eşitlik). Çeviren: ġener BS. Ankara, Dost Kitabevi, 20-38.
  • Türkkan A. (2005). Nilüfer Belediyesi Fethiye Halk Sağlığı Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi Bölgesinde Sosyoekonomik Açıdan Farklı İki Sağlıkta Eşitsizlikler ve Bunu Etkileyen Etmenler. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Bursa, 78-95.
  • Weich S, Lewis G. (1998). Material Standard of Living, Social Class andTthe Prevelance Commons Mental Disorders In Great Britain. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 52:8-14.
  • Weiss D, Rydland HT, Øversveen E, Jensen MR, Solhaug S, Krokstad S (2018) Innovative technologies and social inequalities in health: A scoping review of the literature. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195447. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0195447
  • Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T. (2001). Equity and Health Sector Reforms: Can Low-Income Countries EscapeTthe Medical Poverty Trap? Lancet. 358:833-36.
  • Whitehead M. (2017). The concepts and principles of equity and health. 1991; www.euro.who.int/Document/PAE/conceptsrpd414.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 29.11.2017 Wilkinson RG.(1992). Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ. 304:165-168.
  • Wise PH. (2012). Emerging technologies and their impact on disability. The Future of Children, 22: 169– 191. PMID: 22550690
  • Woolf SH, Johnson RE, Phillips RL Jr and Philipsen M. (2007). Giving everyone the health of the educated: An examination of whether social change would save more lives than medical advances. Am J Public Health. 97: 679–683. Article. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084848 PMID: 17329654
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mucize Sarıhan 0000-0001-8013-7370

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıhan, M. (2021). Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Yenilikçi Sağlık Teknolojilerine Erişimde Eşitsizlikler. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(22), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.844085
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