Effect of Walnut Seed Skin Against Main Organ Damage Caused by Hyperlipidemia

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 34, 652 - 656, 31.03.2022

Esra Palabıyık , Seda Aşkın , Hakan Aşkın

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1084073

Cited By: 2

Öz

Hyperlipidemia, manifested as hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia, is a condition characterized by a decrease in HDL levels with an increase in one or more of plasma lipids, including triglycerides cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and/or plasma lipoproteins including VLDL and LDL. It is also a major problem leading to obesity, stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, degenerative joint disease and circulatory disease and has become one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current anti-hyperlipidemic therapies mainly include statins and fibrates. These drugs used firstly inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and correct the changed blood lipid profile. Secondly, it acts by increasing the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In addition to hepatotoxicity, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis and some undesirable side effects during pregnancy have also been reported. While these side effects limit the use of statins in hyperlipidemia, they also support the research of medicinal plant products with hypolipidemic-phyto-active compounds. The study of plants is a useful strategy for the emergence of new molecules that have an important and enhanced effect on lipid metabolism. For this reason, in the current study, considering the many beneficial effects of walnuts supported by the literature, the unused part of the walnut seed skin (WSS) is focused on. It was investigated whether ethanolic extraction of walnut seed skin (E-WSS) had a protective effect in male Wistar-Albino rats in which hyperlipidemia was induced. The histopathological evaluation of the effects of E-WSS on kidney tissue, the content of which was defined by GC-MS in our previous study, was performed in this study. In the analysis, it was concluded that E-WSS extract had a significant protective effect on the kidney tissue of rats with hyperlipidemia when compared to the healthy control group.

When the final evaluation was made, a contribution was made to the literature on the use of a natural compound that does not show toxic effects against hyperlipidemia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kidney, Hyperlipidemia, Walnut seed skin, Rat

Destekleyen Kurum

Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP)

Proje Numarası

9157

Teşekkür

We would like to thank Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAP) for supporting our work with the 9157 Research Initial Support Project (ABDEP). Author Esra PALABIYIK is a 100/2000 Higher Education Council (YÖK) Innovative Food Processing Technologies and Food Biotechnology Department PhD Scholar.

Hiperlipideminin Neden Olduğu Ana Organ Hasarına Karşı Ceviz Tohumu Kabuğunun Etkisi

Öz

Hiperkolesterolemi ve/veya hipertrigliseridemi olarak kendini gösteren hiperlipidemi, trigliseritler kolesterol, kolesterol esterleri, fosfolipidler ve/veya VLDL ve LDL dâhil plazma lipoproteinleri dâhil olmak üzere plazma lipidlerinden bir veya daha fazlasında artış ile birlikte HDL seviyelerinde azalma ile karakterize edilen bir durumdur. Aynı zamanda obezite, felç, miyokard enfarktüsü, ateroskleroz, tip 2 diyabet, dejeneratif eklem hastalığı ve dolaşım hastalığına yol açan önemli bir sorundur ve dünya çapında en yaygın morbidite ve mortalite nedenlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Mevcut anti-hiperlipidemik tedaviler esas olarak statinleri ve fibratları içerir. Kullanılan bu ilaçlar ilk olarak kolesterol biyosentezini inhibe ederek değişen kan lipid profilini düzeltir. İkinci olarak da trigliseritten zengin lipoproteinlerin temizlenmesini artırarak etki eder. Hepatotoksisitenin yanısıra miyopati, rabdomiyoliz ve hamilelik esnasında istenmeyen birtakım yan etkilerinin olduğu da bildirilmiştir. Meydana gelen bu yan etkiler statinlerin hiperlipidemide kullanımını sınırlandırmakla beraber, hipolipidemik-fito-aktif bileşiklere sahip tıbbi bitki ürünlerinin araştırılmasını da desteklemektedir. Bitkilerin araştırılması, lipid metabolizması üzerinde önemli ve gelişmiş bir etkiye sahip yeni moleküllerin ortaya çıkması için yararlı bir strajedir. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışmada, cevizin literatürle desteklenen birçok faydalı etkisi göz önüne alınarak kullanılmayan kısım olan ceviz tohum kabuğu (CTK) üzerine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Ceviz tohum kabuğunun etanolik ekstraksiyonunun (E-CTK), hiperlipideminin indüklendiği erkek Wistar-Albino ratlarda koruyucu etkisinin var olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Daha önce yaptığımız çalışmada GC-MS ile içeriği tanımlanan E-CTK’nın böbrek dokusunda ki etkilerinin histopatolojik değerlendirmeleri ise bu çalışmada yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizde, E-CTK ekstraktının sağlıklı kontrol grubu ile kıyaslandığında hiperlipidemili ratların böbrek dokusunda önemli bir koruyucu etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Nihai değerlendirme yapıldığında, hiperlipidemi hastalığına karşı toksik etki göstermeyen doğal bir bileşiğin kullanımına yönelik literatüre katkıda bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Böbrek, Hiperlipidemi, Ceviz tohum kabuğu, Rat

Proje Numarası

9157

Kaynakça

• Abu-Raghif, A. R., Sahib, H. B., & Abbas, S. N. (2015). Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Vitex agnus castus Extracts in Mice. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 35(2), 120-125.
• Alasalvar, C., & Bolling, B. W. (2015). Review of nut phytochemicals, fat-soluble bioactives, antioxidant components and health effects. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(S2), S68-S78.
• Azhar, R., Siddiqui, A., & Ali, S. (2015). Effect of aqueous extract of walnut leaves on lipid profile and atherogenic ratio in hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of Islamic International Medical College (JIIMC), 10(3), 224-229.
• Blanco, A., & Blanco, G. (2017). Medical biochemistry. Academic Press.
• Cao SY, Li H (2017) Chinese walnut local species Atlas. China Forestry Press, Beijing.
• Ghassan, F. S. (2014). A Review Article on Hyperlipidemia: Types. Treatments and New Drug Targets, Biomed Pharmacol J, 7(2), 399-409.
• Hashem, M. A., Abd-Allah, N. A., Mahmoud, E. A., Amer, S. A., & Alkafafy, M. (2021). A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Psyllium Husk Ethanolic Extract on Hyperlipidemia, Hyperglycemia, and Oxidative Stress Induced by Triton X-100 Injection in Rats. Biology, 10(4), 335.
• Jørgensen, T., Capewell, S., Prescott, E., Allender, S., Sans, S., Zdrojewski, T., ... & Vanuzzo, D. (2013). Population-level changes to promote cardiovascular health. European journal of preventive cardiology, 20(3), 409-421.
• Kotan, R., Cakir, A., Dadasoglu, F., Aydin, T., Cakmakci, R., Ozer, H., ... & Dikbas, N. (2010). Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), 145-160.
• Madić, V., Petrović, A., Jušković, M., Jugović, D., Djordjević, L., Stojanović, G., & Vasiljević, P. (2021). Polyherbal mixture ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and histopathological changes of pancreas, kidney and liver in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 265, 113210.
• Millar, J. S., Cromley, D. A., McCoy, M. G., Rader, D. J., & Billheimer, J. T. (2005). Determining hepatic triglyceride production in mice: comparison of poloxamer 407 with Triton WR-1339. Journal of lipid research, 46(9), 2023-2028.
• Oh, P. S., Lee, S. J., & Lim, K. T. (2006). Hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of the plant glycoprotein (36 kDa) from Rhus verniciflua stokes fruit in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 70(2), 447-456.
• Ravi, V. (2021). Hypolipidemic action of Rutin on Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research, 15(2), 51-55.
• Rusu, M. E., Gheldiu, A. M., Mocan, A., Moldovan, C., Popa, D. S., Tomuta, I., & Vlase, L. (2018). Process optimization for improved phenolic compounds recovery from walnut (Juglans regia L.) septum: Phytochemical profile and biological activities. Molecules, 23(11), 2814.
• Saravanan, S., & Pari, L. (2015). Role of thymol on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice. European journal of pharmacology, 761, 279-287.
• Schlesinger, N., Dalbeth, N., & Perez-Ruiz, F. (2009). Gout–what are the treatment options?. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 10(8), 1319-1328.
• Shattat, G. F. (2015). A review article on hyperlipidemia: types, treatments and new drug targets. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 7(1), 399-409.
• Sikarwar, M. S., & Patil, M. B. (2012). Antihyperlipidemic activity of Salacia chinensis root extracts in triton-induced and atherogenic diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Indian journal of pharmacology, 44(1), 88.
• Sunil, C., Ignacimuthu, S., & Kumarappan, C. (2012). Hypolipidemic activity of Symplocos cochinchinensis S. Moore leaves in hyperlipidemic rats. Journal of natural medicines, 66(1), 32-38.
• Thomas, L., & Kamath, J. V. (2017). Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic activity of Capsicum frutescens extract. Int J Curr Pharm Res, 9(3), 165-168.
• Tripathi, K. D. (2013). Hypolipidaemic drugs and plasma expanders. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 7th ed. New Delhi.
• Tsoupras, A., Lordan, R., & Zabetakis, I. (2018). Inflammation, not cholesterol, is a cause of chronic disease. Nutrients, 10(5), 604.
• Vázquez‐Pérez, S., Aragoncillo, P., de las Heras, N., Navarro‐Cid, J., Cediel, E., Sanz‐Rosa, D., ... & Cachofeiro, V. (2001). Atorvastatin prevents glomerulosclerosis and renal endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 16(suppl_1), 40-44.
• Xu, Y., Wang, F., Guo, H., Wang, S., Ni, S., Zhou, Y., ... & Wang, Y. (2019). Antitussive and anti-inflammatory dual-active agents developed from natural product lead compound 1-methylhydantoin. Molecules, 24(13), 2355.
• Ziad, S., Wajdy, A. A., & Darwish, B. (2013). Effects of cigarette smoking on histology of trachea and lungs of albino rat. Research Opinions in Animal & Veterinary Sciences, 3(10).