Polietilen tereftalat (PET) kumaştan elde edilen tıbbı maskenin bakteri filtrasyon verimliliğinin araştırılması

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 35, 142 - 147, 07.05.2022

Nisa Sipahi , Metehan Öztoprak

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1065823

Öz

Covid-19 pandemi dönemi tıbbi maskelerin önemine dikkat çekmiştir. Araştırmalar, üretilen maskelerin herhangi bir kumaştan olmaması, belirli özelliklerinin olması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Ancak kontrolsüz olarak üretilen kalitesiz maskeler piyasada önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Virüslerin çevredeki bakteri ve su damlacıklarına tutunarak yayıldığı fikri, maskelerin temel filtreleme etkinliğinin belirli bir düzeyde olması gerektiğini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma da polietilen tereftalattan (PET) kumaştan maske üretilmesi ve filtrasyon etkinliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Geliştirilen PET kumaştan ve yaygın olarak kullanılan yüksek filtrasyon verimliliği olduğu bilinen Meltblown (MB) kumaştan maskeler üretilmiş ve filtrasyon verimlilikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Maskelerin filtrasyon verimliliğini ölçmek için laboratuvar ortamında EN 14683 BFE test standardı prosedürleri uygulanmıştır. MB/3 katmanlı maskenin mikroorganizmaları %99,7 (SD±0.2) filtreleme kapasitesine sahip olduğu ve geliştirilen PET yapısındaki 3 katmanlı ART/Maske'nin mikroorganizmaları %96,8(SD±2.7) oranında filtreleyebildiği tespit edilmiştir. Her bir mikroorganizma için tespit edilen maskelerin filtrasyon verimlilikleri ayrı ayrı karşılaştırıldığında, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. (p>0,05). Test edilen maskenin meltblown kumaştan üretilen maskeyle benzer oranda yüksek mikrobiyal filtrasyona sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu durum hasta bireylerden bakterilere bağlanarak yayılan virüslerin çevreye bulaş oranını azaltacağını düşündürmektedir. Ayrıca PET'ten üretilen maskelerin hastane enfeksiyonlarına karşı koruyucu etkisi olabileceği öngörülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bakteriyel filtrasyon verimliliği, Covid-19, Maske, Pandemi, Polietilen tereftalat

Investigation The Bacterial Filtration Efficiency Of Medical Masks From Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Fabric

Öz

The Covid-19 pandemic period caused attention to the importance of medical masks. Various studies show that mask fabrics should not be ordinary. Uncontrollably produced masks with poor quality have become an important problem in the market. Based on the idea that viruses spread by binding themselves to environmental bacteria and water droplets, it is assumed that the basic filtering efficiency of masks is of primary importance and requires the use of masks with a certain filtering ability. The purpose of the present study was to produce fabric masks from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and to investigate the filtration efficiency. Masks were produced from the developed PET fabric and widely used Meltblown (MB) fabric, which is known to have a high filtration rate and their filtration efficiencies were compared. EN 14683 BFE methods was used in laboratory setting to measure the filtration efficiency of the masks. It was found that the MB/3-layer mask had 99.7% (SD±0.2) capacity of filtering microorganisms and the 3-layer ART/Mask in the developed PET structure was capable of filtering microorganisms at a rate of 96.8% (SD±2.7). When the filtration efficiency of the masks detected for each microorganism was compared separately, no statistically significant differences were detected (p>0.05). The tested mask was found to have a similar high microbial filtration rate to the mask made of meltblown fabric. This suggests that it will reduce the spread of viruses by attaching themselves to bacteria from sick individuals. It is also it can has protective effect for nosocomial infections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bacterial filtration efficiency, Covid-19, Mask, Pandemic, Polyethylene terephthalate

Kaynakça

• Açıkgöz Ö, & Günay A (2020). The early impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global and Turkish economy. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 50(SI-1), 520-526.
• Azap A, Erdinç FŞ. Medical mask or N95 respirator: When and how to use?. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020; 50(SI-1), 633-637.
• Bayersdorfer J, Giboney S, Martin R, Moore A, & Bartles R. Novel manufacturing of simple masks in response to international shortages: bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency testing. American Journal of Infection Control. 2020;1543−1545. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.019.
• Cheng VC, Wong S C, Chuang V W, So S Y, Chen, J. H., et al. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(1)107-114. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.024.
• Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K et al. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2020; 5(2020) 293-308. doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001
• European Committee for Standardization. European Standard EN 14683+AC – Medical face masks – Requirements and test methods 2019.
• Geçkil T, Önal Y, İnce CB. Moisture resistance of bituminous hot mixtures modified with waste pet. Journal of Polytechnic. 2021; doi:10.2339/politeknik.699662.
• Hassan M A, Yeom BY, Wilkie A, Pourdeyhimi B, & Khan S A. Fabrication of nanofiber meltblown membranes and their filtration properties. Journal of membrane science. 2013;427, 336-344.
• Hill WC, Hull MS, & MacCuspie R I. Testing of commercial masks and respirators and cotton mask insert materials using SARS-CoV-2 virion-sized particulates: comparison of ideal aerosol filtration efficiency versus fitted filtration efficiency. Nano Letters. 2020; 20(10), 7642-7647.
• Kartal, M. (2021). Covid-19 Salgınının BIST-100 Endeksi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Özelinde Ampirik Bir Araştırma. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Ejosat 2021 Ek Sayı 1, 815-822 . DOI: 10.31590/ejosat.981801
• Li T, Liu Y, Li M, Qian X, & Dai SY. Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study. PloS One. 2020;15(8), e0237691.
• Lin Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, & Diao D. Superhydrophobic, photo-sterilize, and reusable mask based on graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon (GNEC) film. Nano research. 2020;1-14.
• Lubasova D, Netravali A, Parker J, Ingel B. Bacterial filtration efficiency of green soy protein based nanofiber air filter. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2014;14(7):4891-8. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8729.
• O’Neill L A & Netea M G. BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20[6], 335-337.
• Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F, Basson A. R, Pizarro TT, & Ilic S. Textile Masks and Surface Covers—A Spray Simulation Method and a “Universal Droplet Reduction Model” Against Respiratory Pandemics. Frontiers in Medicine. 2020;- 260.
• Shoenfeld Y. Corona (COVID-19) time musings: our involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine planning. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020; 19(6): 102538. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102538.
• T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı, (2020). Maske Kumaşı (Gtp 56.03 Yalnız Meltblown Kumaş) İhracatında Kayda Bağlama Uygulaması, 18 mart 2020 tarih ve 31207 sayılı resmi gazete yayımlanan tebliğ. https://covid19.ticaret.gov.tr/ihracat/duyuru/maske-kumasi-gtp-56-03-yalniz-meltblown-kumas-ihracatinda-kayda-baglama-uygulam (accessed 20/01/2021).
• Tekoğlu AS. Covid-19 Pandemic and Crisis Management in Foreign Trade: The Case of Turkey. Gümrük ve Ticaret Dergisi. 2020;7(22), 32-53 (in Turkish).
• Turkish Academy of Sciences (2020). TÜBA COVID-19 Global Outbreak Assessment Report Updated, 17 th April 2020, Ankara. Turkey Academy of Sciences Publications, TÜBA Report No: 34 ISBN: 978-605-2249-43-7
• Turkish Pharmacists' Association (2020). Uygunsuz Maske Satışına Dur Denilmeli https://www.teb.org.tr/news/9025/Uygunsuz-Maske%20Sat%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1na-Dur-Denilmeli (in Turkish) (accessed 20/01/2021).
• Ullah S, Ullah A, Lee J. Jeong Y.,Hashmi M, et al. Reusability Comparison of Melt-Blown vs Nanofiber Face Mask Filters for Use in the Coronavirus Pandemic. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2020; 3(7), 7231-7241.
• Wang MW, Zhou MY, Ji GH, Ye L, Cheng YR, et al. Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2020; 24(6):3397-3399. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202003_20707.
• World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 51, 11th March 2020 (online). Website https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331475/nCoVsitrep11Mar2020-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed 30/10/2020).
• Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, Kishore N, Niehus R et al. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nat Med. 2020; 26[4], 506-510.
• Zhao M, Liao L, Xiao W, Wang H, Wang Q et al. Household materials selection for homemade cloth face coverings and their filtration efficiency enhancement with triboelectric charging. Nano Letters. 2020; 20 (7) 5544–5552. doi:/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211.
• Zheng Y Y, Ma Y T, Zhang J Y, & Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2020;17(5), 259-260.