Türkiye’de Buğdayın Kendi Kendine Yeterlilik ve İthalata Bağımlılık Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 41, 449 - 456, 30.11.2022

Alptekin Mert Yılmaz , Oktay Tomar

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1192874

Cited By: 1

Öz

Türkiye’de en çok üretilen tahıl olan ve ekmek üretiminde kullanılan buğday önemli bir konumda yer almaktadır. Gıda güvencesinde önemli bir yer edinen buğday Türkiye’nin stratejik ürünleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2010-2020 döneminde Türkiye’de buğdayda kendi kendine yeterlilik ve ithalata bağımlılık derecesinin belirlenmesidir. Öncelikle Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan elde edilen buğday üretim, tüketim, ihracat ve ithalat verileri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra FAO tarafından tavsiye edilen formüller kullanılarak buğdayda kendi kendine yeterlilik ve ithalata bağımlılık dereceleri hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Türkiye’de 2010-2020 yılları arasında buğday üretim alanlarının azalma eğiliminde olduğu, ihracat ve ithalatın ise artış eğiliminde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2010-2020 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin buğdayda kendi kendine yeterlilik oranının ortalama %96,90, ithalata bağımlılık oranının ise ortalama %27,38 olduğu belirlenmiştir. 2020 yılı itibariyle Türkiye’nin buğdayda kendi kendine yeterlilik oranının %96,90, ithalata bağımlılık oranının %38,94 olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Buğday ithalatının giderek artacağı tahmin edilmekle birlikte bu durumun uzun vadede sürdürülebilir olmayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ekim alanlarının azalması ve iklim değişikliği gibi etkilerden dolayı buğday veriminin artırılması amacıyla sıcaklığa, hastalık ve zararlılara daha dayanıklı çeşitlerin ve sertifikalı tohumluk kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, Buğday, Kendi Kendine Yeterlilik, İthalata Bağımlılık Oranı, Gıda Güvencesi

Evaluation of Wheat in Türkiye in Terms of Self-sufficiency and Import Dependence

Öz

Wheat, which is the most produced grain in Türkiye and used in bread production, has an important position. Wheat, which has an important place in food security, is among Türkiye's strategic products. This study aims to determine the degree of self-sufficiency and import dependency on wheat in Türkiye between 2010 and 2020. First of all, wheat production, consumption, export, and import data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute were examined. Then, using the formulas recommended by the FAO, the degree of self-sufficiency and import dependency in wheat was calculated. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that wheat production areas in Türkiye have a decreasing trend between the years 2010-2020, while exports and imports have an increasing trend. It has been determined that Türkiye's self-sufficiency rate in wheat between 2010 and 2020 is 96.90% on average, and the import dependency ratio is 27.38% on average. It has been revealed that as of 2020, Türkiye's self-sufficiency rate in wheat is 96.90%, and the import dependency rate is 38.94%. Although wheat imports are expected to increase gradually, it is thought that this situation will not be sustainable in the long run. To increase wheat yield due to effects such as reduction of cultivation areas and climate change, more resistant varieties to heat, diseases, and pests and the use of certified seeds should be expanded.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, Wheat, Self-sufficiency, Import Dependency Ratio, Food Security

Kaynakça

• Amid, J. (2007). The dilemma of cheap food and self-sufficiency: The case of wheat in Iran. Food Policy, 32(4), 537-552.
• Anonim (2022). “BM Gıda Görünümü raporu yayımlandı: Türkiye neden en çok buğday ithal eden 3. ülke?” Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-62052338 Erişim tarihi: 21.10.2022
• Beltran-Peña, A., Rosa, L., & D’Odorico, P. (2020). Global food self-sufficiency in the 21st century under sustainable intensification of agriculture. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 095004.
• Bush, R. (2010). Food Riots: Poverty, Power and Protest. Journal of Agrarian Change 10 (1): 119–129.
• Clapp, J. (2014). Food Security and Food Sovereignty: Getting Past the Binary. Dialogues Human Geogr. 4 (2), 106–211.
• Clapp, J. (2015). Food Self-Sufficiency and International Trade: A False Dichotomy? State of Agricultural Commodity Markets – In Depth. FAO, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5222e.pdf
• Clapp, J. (2017). Food self-sufficiency: Making sense of it, and when it makes sense, Food Policy 66, 88–96.
• Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., ... & Zaks, D. P. (2011). Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478(7369), 337-342.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1999). Implications of Economic Policy for Food Security: A Training Manual. Erişim Adresi: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/x3936e/x3936e03.htm
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2008). An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security. Erişim Adresi: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012). FAO Statistical Yearbook 2012 – World Food and Agriculture. Erişim adresi: http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2490e/i2490e00.htm
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2015). The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Outlook for Food Supply and Demand in 2014/15 GIEWS Update, February 3. Erişim adresi: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4363e.pdf
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2022a). https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2006). Policy Brief, Food Security. Erişim Adresi: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/faoitaly/documents/pdf/pdf_Food_Security_Cocept_Note.pdf
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2022b). Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets.
• Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., ... & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. science, 327(5967), 812-818.
• Hibbert, C. (1980). The days of the french revolution. New York: William Morrow and Co. Institute.
• Laborde, D., Martin, W., Swinnen, J., & Vos, R. (2020). COVID-19 risks to global food security. Science, 369(6503), 500-502.
• Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333, 616.
• Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM) (2022). Türkiye Yağış. Erişim Adresi: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/2021-yagis.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2022
• Ostojić, A., Vaško, Ž., & Brković, D. (2020). Assessment of wheat self-sufficiency in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In IX International Symposium on Agricultural Sciencies (p. 171).
• Paunović, A., Madić, M., Dugalić, G., Knežević, D., Jelić, M., Stupar V., Živić , M., Tadić Z., (2016). Situation and possibilities of improving the production of small grains in Gruža and Rudnička Morava, XXI Savetovanje o Biotehnologiji Zbornik radova, 21(23), 53-58.
• Porkka, M., Kummu, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., (2013). From food insufficiency towards trade dependency: A historical analysis of global food availability. PLoS ONE 8 (12), e82714 (12pp).
• Ray, D. K., Mueller, N. D., West, P. C., & Foley, J. A. (2013). Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PloS one, 8(6), e66428.
• Shahidi F. (2020). Does COVID-19 Affect Food Safety and Security?. Journal of Food Bioactives, 9.
• Shiferaw, B., M. Smale, H.-J. Braun, E. Duveiller, M. Reynolds, and G. Muricho. (2013). Crops that Feed the World 10. Past Successes and Future Challenges to the Role Played by Wheat in Global Food Security. Food Security 5 (3): 291–317.
• Slaboch J., l Kotyza P., Elisová K. (2018). Self-sufficiency in selected agricultural commodities in Central European countries, Agrarian perspectives XXVII. Food safety –food security proceedings of the 27th International Scientific Conference September 19-20, 2018 Prague, Czech Republic, 318-325.
• Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (2022a). 2022 - Temmuz Tarım Ürünleri Piyasa Raporu, Buğday. Erişim Adresi: https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasalar%C4%B1/2022-Temmuz%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Raporu/7-BU%C4%9EDAY%20T%C3%9CP%20Temmuz%202022.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2022
• Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (2022b). Buğday Mayıs Bülteni. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/Belgeler/YATIRIMCI%20REHBER%C4%B0/Bu%C4%9Fday%20May%C4%B1s%20B%C3%BClteni.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2022
• Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264.
• Trego, R. (2011). The Functioning of the Egyptian Food-subsidy System during Food Price Shocks. Development in Practice 21 (4–5): 666–678.
• Tyagi, D.S. (1990). Managing India’s Food Economy: Problems and Alternatives. Sage, New Delhi.
• Vogel, S. (2017). Global wheat Demand, Rabo Research.
• World Food Summit (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security.