Study Abroad and L2 Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 215 - 230, 31.12.2020
Emre Güvendir
,
Meltem Acar Güvendir
,
Sinem Dündar
Kaynakça
- Allen, H. W., & Dupuy, B. (2012). Study abroad, foreign language use, and the communities standard. Foreign Language Annals, 45(4), 468-493.
- Amuzie, G. L., & Winke, P. (2009). Changes in language learning beliefs as a result of study abroad. System, 37(3), 366-379.
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173.
- Badstübner, T., & Ecke, P. (2009). Students’ expectations, target language use, and perceived learning progress in a summer study abroad program in Germany. Die Unterrichtspraxis: Teaching German, 42, 41-49.
- Balaman-Uçar, S. (2016). Türkiye bağlamında öz-yeterlik ve strateji kullanımı arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Current Research in Education, 2(3), 186-198.
- Balcı, A. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma teknikleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (pp. 71-81). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
- Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21-41.
- Betz, N., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 279-289.
- Bonyadi, A., Nikou, F. R., & Shahbaz, S. (2012). The relationship between EFL learners’ self-efficacy beliefs and their language learning strategy use. English language teaching, 5(8), 113-121.
- British Council. (2012). Student insight Turkey. Access: http://ihe.britishcouncil.org/educationintelligence/student-insight-turkey
- British Council. (2013). International education perspective: Turkish students. Access: https://ei.britishcouncil.org/educationintelligence/importanceinternationaleducation-perspective-turkish-students
- Busse, V. (2013). An exploration of motivation and self-beliefs of first year students of German. System, 41(2), 379-398.
- Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Ankara: Pegem.
- Chen, H. (2007). The relationship between EFL learners’ self-efficacy beliefs and performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida State University, USA.
- Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Cubillos, J., Chieffo L., & Fan, C. (2008). The impact of short-term study abroad programs on L2 listening comprehension skills. Foreign Language Annals, 41, 157-185.
- Cubillos, J. H., & Ilvento, T. (2013). The impact of study abroad on students' self-efficacy perceptions. Foreign Language Annals, 45(4), 494-511.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem.
- Çubukcu, F. (2008). A study on the correlation between self efficacy and foreign language learning anxiety. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 4(1), 148-158.
- DeKeyser, R. (1990). From learning to acquisition? Monitoring in the classroom and abroad. Hispania, 73, 238-47.
- DeKeyser, R. (1991). Foreign language development during a semester abroad. In B. Freed (Ed.), Foreign language acquisition: Research and the classroom (pp. 104-119). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
- Dewey, D. (2004). A comparison of reading development by learners of Japanese in intensive and domestic immersion and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 303-327.
- Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). Context of learning in the acquisition of Spanish second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 249-273.
- Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi Öğrenim, Öğretim ve Değerlendirme. (2013). (Çev: TELC. MEB). Erişim: https://www.telc.net/tr/sinav-katilimcilari/avrupa-ortak-oeneriler-cercevesi-aooeccefr.html
- EF EPI. (2019). English Proficiency Index 2019. Access: https://bluesyemre.files.wordpress.com/2019/11/ef-english-proficiency-index-2019.pdf
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Fişekçioğlu, A. (2019). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde diller için Avrupa ortak öneriler çerçevesi ölçütlerine göre Türk kültürü tanımlayıcılarının oluşturulması: B1 dil düzeyi model önerisi. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 12, 871-893.
- Foster, P. (2009). Lexical diversity and native-like selection: The bonus of studying abroad. In B. Richards, M. H. Daller, D. D. Malvern, P. M. Meara, J. Milton, & J. Treffers-Daller (Eds.), Vocabulary studies in first and second language acquisition: The interface between theory and application (pp. 91-106). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Güvendir, E. (2017). Turkish students and their experiences during a short-term summer visit to the US. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education, 2(1), 21-52.
- Hackett, G., & Betz, N. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 326-339.
- Horwitz, E. K. (1999). Cultural and situational influences on foreign language learners’ beliefs about language learning: A review of BALLI studies. System, 27(4), 557-576.
- IALC. (2016). Study Travel Research Reports. Access: https://www.ialc.org/fileadmin/uploads/ialc/Documents/Study_Travel_Research_Reports/ialc-2016-research-trends-in-demand-for-foreign-languages.pdf
- ICEF Monitor. (2017). From the field: A closer look Turkish outbound market. Access: https://monitor.icef.com/2017/02/field-closer-look-turkish-outbound-market/
- Juan-Garau, M. (2014). Oral accuracy growth after formal instruction and study abroad: Onset level, contact factors and long-term effects. In C. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp. 87-110). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaypak, E., & Ortaçtepe, D. (2014). Language learner beliefs and study abroad: A study on English as a lingua franca (ELF). System, 42, 355-367.
- Kinginger, C. (2008). Language learning in study abroad: Case studies of Americans in France. Modern Language Journal, 92(SUPPL. 1), 1-124.
- Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kroskrity, P. V. (2004). Language ideologies. In A. Duranti (Ed.), Companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 496-517). Malden, MA: Basil Blackwell.
- Landry, C. C. (2003). Self-efficacy, motivation, and outcome expectation correlates of college students’ intention certainty (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, USA.
- Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Magogwe, J. M., & Oliver, R. (2007). The relationship between language learning strategies, proficiency, age and self-efficacy beliefs: A study of language learners in Botswana. System, 35, 338-352.
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K., Balla, J. R., & Grayson, D. (1998). Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33, 181-220.
- Mendelson, V. G. (2004). Hindsight is 20/20, Student perceptions of language learning and the study abroad experience. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 43-63.
- Milton, J., & Meara, P. (1995). How periods abroad affect vocabulary growth in a foreign language. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics, 107/108, 17-34.
- Pellegrino-Aveni, V. (1998). Student perspectives on language learning in a study abroad context. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4, 91-120.
- Pérez-Vidal, C., & Juan-Garau, M. (2009). The effect of study abroad on written performance. Eurosla Yearbook, 9, 269-295.
- Petersdotter L., Niehoff, E., & Freund, P. A. (2017). International experience makes a difference: Effects of studying abroad on students’ self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(7), 174-178.
- Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting and self-evaluation. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159-172.
- Segalowitz, N., & Freed, B. (2004). Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 173-199.
- Segalowitz, N., Freed, B. F., Collentine, J., Lafford, B., Lazar, N., & Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). A comparison of Spanish second language acquisition in two different learning contexts: Study abroad and the domestic classroom. Frontiers: The Interdiscplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 1-18.
- Surtees, V. (2016). Beliefs about language learning in study abroad: Advocating for a language ideology approach. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 17, 85-103.
- Tanaka, K., & Ellis, R. (2003). Study-abroad, language proficiency, and learner beliefs about language learning. JALT Journal, 25, 63-85.
- Tanaka, K. (2007). Japanese students’ contact with English outside the classroom during study abroad. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 13, 36-54.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel.
- Tılfarlıoğlu, F. T., & Çiftçi, F. Ş. (2011). Supporting self-efficacy and learner autonomy in relation to academic success in EFL classrooms: A case study. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(10), 284-294.
- Torres, K. M., & Turner, J. E. (2016). Students’ foreign language anxiety and self-efficacy beliefs across different levels of university foreign language coursework. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 3(1), 57-73.
- Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A. (2001). The changing signs in the relationships between self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 605-620.
- Wolters, C. A., & Rosenthal, H. (2000). The relations between students’ motivational beliefs and their use of motivational strategies. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 801-820.
- Wong, M. S. L. (2005). Language learning strategies and language self-efficacy: Investigating the relationship in Malaysia. RELC Journal, 36(3), 245-269.
- Yanar, B. H., & Bümen, N. T. (2012). İngilizce ile ilgili özyeterlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. 20(1), 97-110.
- Yang, N. D. (1999). The relationship between EFL learners’ beliefs and learning strategy use. System, 27(4), 515-535.
- Yılmaz, C. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy, English proficiency, and instructional strategies. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39, 91-100.
- Zaykovskaya, I., Rawal, H., & De Costa, P. I. (2017). Learner beliefs for successful study abroad experience: A case study. System, 71, 113-121.
- Zemach-Bersin, T. (2009). Selling the world. In R. Lewin (Ed.), The handbook of practice and research in study abroad (pp. 303-320). New York, NY: Routledge.
Yurt Dışı Eğitim ve İkinci Dil Öz-Yeterlik İnançları Ölçeği
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 215 - 230, 31.12.2020
Emre Güvendir
,
Meltem Acar Güvendir
,
Sinem Dündar
Öz
The aim of this study is to develop a data collection tool that will measure students' self-efficacy beliefs and expectations regarding the competencies they can achieve at the end of their language education abroad. The participants of the study include 607 university students. Data were collected during the 2018-2019 academic year. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to reveal the factor structure of the scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a four-factor structure consisting of 24 items with eigenvalues greater than 1 emerged. These four factors explained 61.48% of the total variance. Factor load values of items varied between .50 and .79. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on a second study group to confirm the four-factor structure obtained from the exploratory factor analysis. The fit indices that were examined in order to display the adequacy of the model indicated a good fit. The findings obtained from this study reveal that the Study Abroad and L2 Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the projected self-efficacy beliefs and expectations of students who intend to attend a language course abroad.
Kaynakça
- Allen, H. W., & Dupuy, B. (2012). Study abroad, foreign language use, and the communities standard. Foreign Language Annals, 45(4), 468-493.
- Amuzie, G. L., & Winke, P. (2009). Changes in language learning beliefs as a result of study abroad. System, 37(3), 366-379.
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173.
- Badstübner, T., & Ecke, P. (2009). Students’ expectations, target language use, and perceived learning progress in a summer study abroad program in Germany. Die Unterrichtspraxis: Teaching German, 42, 41-49.
- Balaman-Uçar, S. (2016). Türkiye bağlamında öz-yeterlik ve strateji kullanımı arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Current Research in Education, 2(3), 186-198.
- Balcı, A. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma teknikleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (pp. 71-81). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
- Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21-41.
- Betz, N., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 279-289.
- Bonyadi, A., Nikou, F. R., & Shahbaz, S. (2012). The relationship between EFL learners’ self-efficacy beliefs and their language learning strategy use. English language teaching, 5(8), 113-121.
- British Council. (2012). Student insight Turkey. Access: http://ihe.britishcouncil.org/educationintelligence/student-insight-turkey
- British Council. (2013). International education perspective: Turkish students. Access: https://ei.britishcouncil.org/educationintelligence/importanceinternationaleducation-perspective-turkish-students
- Busse, V. (2013). An exploration of motivation and self-beliefs of first year students of German. System, 41(2), 379-398.
- Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Ankara: Pegem.
- Chen, H. (2007). The relationship between EFL learners’ self-efficacy beliefs and performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida State University, USA.
- Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Cubillos, J., Chieffo L., & Fan, C. (2008). The impact of short-term study abroad programs on L2 listening comprehension skills. Foreign Language Annals, 41, 157-185.
- Cubillos, J. H., & Ilvento, T. (2013). The impact of study abroad on students' self-efficacy perceptions. Foreign Language Annals, 45(4), 494-511.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem.
- Çubukcu, F. (2008). A study on the correlation between self efficacy and foreign language learning anxiety. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 4(1), 148-158.
- DeKeyser, R. (1990). From learning to acquisition? Monitoring in the classroom and abroad. Hispania, 73, 238-47.
- DeKeyser, R. (1991). Foreign language development during a semester abroad. In B. Freed (Ed.), Foreign language acquisition: Research and the classroom (pp. 104-119). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
- Dewey, D. (2004). A comparison of reading development by learners of Japanese in intensive and domestic immersion and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 303-327.
- Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). Context of learning in the acquisition of Spanish second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 249-273.
- Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi Öğrenim, Öğretim ve Değerlendirme. (2013). (Çev: TELC. MEB). Erişim: https://www.telc.net/tr/sinav-katilimcilari/avrupa-ortak-oeneriler-cercevesi-aooeccefr.html
- EF EPI. (2019). English Proficiency Index 2019. Access: https://bluesyemre.files.wordpress.com/2019/11/ef-english-proficiency-index-2019.pdf
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Fişekçioğlu, A. (2019). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde diller için Avrupa ortak öneriler çerçevesi ölçütlerine göre Türk kültürü tanımlayıcılarının oluşturulması: B1 dil düzeyi model önerisi. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 12, 871-893.
- Foster, P. (2009). Lexical diversity and native-like selection: The bonus of studying abroad. In B. Richards, M. H. Daller, D. D. Malvern, P. M. Meara, J. Milton, & J. Treffers-Daller (Eds.), Vocabulary studies in first and second language acquisition: The interface between theory and application (pp. 91-106). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Güvendir, E. (2017). Turkish students and their experiences during a short-term summer visit to the US. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education, 2(1), 21-52.
- Hackett, G., & Betz, N. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 326-339.
- Horwitz, E. K. (1999). Cultural and situational influences on foreign language learners’ beliefs about language learning: A review of BALLI studies. System, 27(4), 557-576.
- IALC. (2016). Study Travel Research Reports. Access: https://www.ialc.org/fileadmin/uploads/ialc/Documents/Study_Travel_Research_Reports/ialc-2016-research-trends-in-demand-for-foreign-languages.pdf
- ICEF Monitor. (2017). From the field: A closer look Turkish outbound market. Access: https://monitor.icef.com/2017/02/field-closer-look-turkish-outbound-market/
- Juan-Garau, M. (2014). Oral accuracy growth after formal instruction and study abroad: Onset level, contact factors and long-term effects. In C. Pérez-Vidal (Ed.), Language acquisition in study abroad and formal instruction contexts (pp. 87-110). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kaypak, E., & Ortaçtepe, D. (2014). Language learner beliefs and study abroad: A study on English as a lingua franca (ELF). System, 42, 355-367.
- Kinginger, C. (2008). Language learning in study abroad: Case studies of Americans in France. Modern Language Journal, 92(SUPPL. 1), 1-124.
- Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kroskrity, P. V. (2004). Language ideologies. In A. Duranti (Ed.), Companion to linguistic anthropology (pp. 496-517). Malden, MA: Basil Blackwell.
- Landry, C. C. (2003). Self-efficacy, motivation, and outcome expectation correlates of college students’ intention certainty (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, USA.
- Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Magogwe, J. M., & Oliver, R. (2007). The relationship between language learning strategies, proficiency, age and self-efficacy beliefs: A study of language learners in Botswana. System, 35, 338-352.
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K., Balla, J. R., & Grayson, D. (1998). Is more ever too much? The number of indicators per factor in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33, 181-220.
- Mendelson, V. G. (2004). Hindsight is 20/20, Student perceptions of language learning and the study abroad experience. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 43-63.
- Milton, J., & Meara, P. (1995). How periods abroad affect vocabulary growth in a foreign language. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics, 107/108, 17-34.
- Pellegrino-Aveni, V. (1998). Student perspectives on language learning in a study abroad context. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4, 91-120.
- Pérez-Vidal, C., & Juan-Garau, M. (2009). The effect of study abroad on written performance. Eurosla Yearbook, 9, 269-295.
- Petersdotter L., Niehoff, E., & Freund, P. A. (2017). International experience makes a difference: Effects of studying abroad on students’ self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(7), 174-178.
- Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting and self-evaluation. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159-172.
- Segalowitz, N., & Freed, B. (2004). Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 173-199.
- Segalowitz, N., Freed, B. F., Collentine, J., Lafford, B., Lazar, N., & Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). A comparison of Spanish second language acquisition in two different learning contexts: Study abroad and the domestic classroom. Frontiers: The Interdiscplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 1-18.
- Surtees, V. (2016). Beliefs about language learning in study abroad: Advocating for a language ideology approach. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 17, 85-103.
- Tanaka, K., & Ellis, R. (2003). Study-abroad, language proficiency, and learner beliefs about language learning. JALT Journal, 25, 63-85.
- Tanaka, K. (2007). Japanese students’ contact with English outside the classroom during study abroad. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 13, 36-54.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel.
- Tılfarlıoğlu, F. T., & Çiftçi, F. Ş. (2011). Supporting self-efficacy and learner autonomy in relation to academic success in EFL classrooms: A case study. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(10), 284-294.
- Torres, K. M., & Turner, J. E. (2016). Students’ foreign language anxiety and self-efficacy beliefs across different levels of university foreign language coursework. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 3(1), 57-73.
- Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A. (2001). The changing signs in the relationships between self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 605-620.
- Wolters, C. A., & Rosenthal, H. (2000). The relations between students’ motivational beliefs and their use of motivational strategies. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 801-820.
- Wong, M. S. L. (2005). Language learning strategies and language self-efficacy: Investigating the relationship in Malaysia. RELC Journal, 36(3), 245-269.
- Yanar, B. H., & Bümen, N. T. (2012). İngilizce ile ilgili özyeterlik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi. 20(1), 97-110.
- Yang, N. D. (1999). The relationship between EFL learners’ beliefs and learning strategy use. System, 27(4), 515-535.
- Yılmaz, C. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy, English proficiency, and instructional strategies. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39, 91-100.
- Zaykovskaya, I., Rawal, H., & De Costa, P. I. (2017). Learner beliefs for successful study abroad experience: A case study. System, 71, 113-121.
- Zemach-Bersin, T. (2009). Selling the world. In R. Lewin (Ed.), The handbook of practice and research in study abroad (pp. 303-320). New York, NY: Routledge.