GSM, UMTS ve LTE Baz İstasyonu Sinyallerinin Oluşturduğu Maruziyetin Frekans Seçici Ölçümleri ve Analizi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 25 - 35, 30.06.2019

Mustafa Çetintaş Cafer Bahadır Tektaş

Öz

Günümüzde, elektromanyetik alanların sebep olduğu maruziyetin
seviyesini ölçmek için yaygın olarak frekans seçici ölçüm yöntemi
kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu ölçümler uzmanlık gerektiren ve uygulamada farklı
sonuçlar verebilen hassas ölçümlerdir. Bu nedenle, farklı GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System) ve LTE (Long Term Evolution) baz istasyonu
antenlerinden gelen sinyallerin RF maruziyetinin hassas bir şekilde ve frekans
seçici olarak ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu
amaçla, frekans seçici ölçüm yöntemi kullanılarak Almanya/Regensburg’da bulunan
elektromanyetik kirlilik ölçümleri konusunda uzman, referans bir laboratuvar
ile TÜBİTAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitüsü (UME), Elektromanyetik Laboratuvarı arasında
karşılaştırma ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında
ölçümler, Almanya/Bayreuth'da 4 farklı bölgede bulunan baz istasyonlarında, her
bölgede 2 ölçüm noktası seçilerek eş zamanlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve
değerlendirilmiştir. Dört farklı konumda bulunan, 8 farklı ölçüm noktasındaki
bağıl farkın 0 dB ile 1.4 dB arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen
karşılaştırma sonucu verileri incelendiğinde her iki ölçüm ekibi tarafından
oluşturulan ölçüm sonuçlarının iyi bir uyum içinde olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elektromanyetik, Maruziyet, Frekans Seçici, Karşılaştırma, Ölçüm

Frequency Selective Measurements and Analysis of Exposure to GSM / UMTS / LTE Base Station Signals

Öz

Nowadays, the frequency selective measurement method
is commonly used to measure the level of exposure caused by electromagnetic
fields. However, these measurements are sensitive measurements that require
expertise and can give different results in practice. For this reason, the RF
exposure of the signals from different GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication), UMTS (Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) base station antennas
needs to be measured sensitively as frequency selective and evaluated
accurately. For this purpose, the comparison
measurements were performed between the Electromagnetic Laboratory of TUBITAK
National Metrology Institute (UME) and the reference laboratory, which are
experts in electromagnetic pollution measurements situated in
Germany/Regensburg by using frequency selective measurement method. Within the scope of study, the measurements were performed and evaluated simultaneously at 4 different locations of base
stations in Bayreuth, Germany by selecting 2 measurement points in at each
location. The relative difference in 8 different measuring points at the 4
different locations was determined to be between 0 dB and 1.4 dB. When the
comparison result data were investigated, it was seen that the measurement
results generated by both measurement teams were in good agreement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Electromagnetic, Exposure, Frequency Selective, Comparison, Measurement

Kaynakça

• [1] Cooper T. G., Mann S. M., Khalid M., Blackwell R. P., (2004), “Exposure of the General Public to Radio Waves near Microcell and Picocell Base Stations for Mobile Communications, Final Report”, National Radiological Protection Board, Report Nr. NRPB-W62, Chilton, U.K.
• [2] Tektaş, C. B., & Aslan, M. H. EM “Kirlilik Ölçümü İçin Geniş Bant ve Frekans-Seçici Ölçümlerin Karşılaştırılması”, EMO BİLİMSEL DERGİ, 7(14), 5-12.
• [3] Cooper T. G., Mann, S. M., Blackwell., R. P., Allen S. G., (2007), “Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields at radio transmitter sites”, Health protection Agency Report HPA-RPD-026, UK, (June 2007).
• [4] Müllner W., Neubauer G., Haider H., (2000), “Add3D, a new technique for precise power flux density measurements at mobile communications base stations”, ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, (February 2000).
• [5] Tektaş, C. B., Aslan, M. H., Çakır, S. “Baz İstasyonu Civarında UMTS (3G) Ölçümü İçin Geniş Bant Ve Frekans-Seçici Ölçümlerin Karşılaştırılması”, URSI-TÜRKİYE’2018 IX. Bilimsel Kongresi, 6-8 Eylül 2018, KTO Karatay Üniversitesi, Konya.
• [6] Bornkessel C., Wuschek M., (2006), “Exposure measurements of modern digital broadband radio services”, German Microwave Conference, 1-4, Karlsruhe/Germany, (28-30 March 2006).
• [7] Henderson S.I., Bangay M. J., (2006), “Survey of RF Exposure Levels from Mobile Telephone Base Stations in Australia”, Bioelectromagnetics, 27, (1), 73-76.
• [8] Fanning C. W., “Evaluating Cell Phone and Personal Communications Equipment and their EMC Effects on Automotive” Audio and In-Cabin Modules”, IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Honolulu, HI, USA, 9-13, July 2017.
• [9] Khalifa T. A. B., Alnabi A. B. A., (2015), “Electromagnetic Pollution Emitted from Base Station”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4, (1), 1125-1132.
• [10] Zhang, X., Yang, G., Wang, X., & Li, B. (2016). A Dual‐Band And Dual‐Polarized Antenna Array for 2G/3G/LTE Base Stations. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, 26(2), 154-163.
• [11] Sandıkçı, G., “Radiation Measurement to Base Stations”, Graduate Thesis, Rize University, Department of Physics, 39-45, (2011).
• [12] Genç O., Bayrak, M., Yaldiz, E., “Analysis of the Electromagnetic Pollution for a Pilot Region in Turkey”, J. Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 2: 139-144 (2010).
• [13] Sahin M. E., As N., Karan Y., (2013) “Selective Radiation Measurement for Safety Evaluation on Base Stations”, Gazi University Journal of Science, 26, (1), 73-83.
• [14] Genc O., Bayrak M., Yaldiz E., (2010), “Analysis of the effects of GSM bands to the electromagnetic pollution in the RF spectrum”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 101, 17-32.
• [15] Neubauer G., Lamedschwandner K., Cecil S., Schmid G., (2008), “Exposure assessment methods for emerging new technologies”, Proc. XXIX URSI General Assembly, 1-4
• [16] Ozovehe A., Usman A. U., Hamdallah A., (2015), “Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure From Cellular Base Station: A Concern For Public Health”, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 34, (2), 355-358.
• [17] Nitu, V. (2013). Electromagnetic field exposure from GSM and UMTS indoor base stations. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 332, pp. 98-103). Trans Tech Publications.
• [18] NARDA, (2007), “GSM measurements with the Selective Radiation Meter SRM-3000”, NARDA, Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH, Germany.
• [19] Sanchez M.G., Alejos A.V., Cuinas I., (2004), “Urban wide-band measurements of the UMTS electromagnetic environment,” IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 53, (4), 1014-1022.
• [20] Martens L., Olivier C., (2005), “Accurate electromagnetic exposure assessment around UMTS base stations with a spectrum analyzer”, In Proceedings of the 18th General Assembly of International Union Radio Science (URSI).
• [21] Olivier C., Martens L., (2007), “Optimal settings for frequency-selective measurements used for the exposure assessment around UMTS base stations”, IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, 56, (5), 1901-1909.
• [22] NARDA, (2008), “UMTS measurements with the Selective Radiation Meter SRM-3000”, NARDA, Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH, Germany.
• [23] Olivier C., Martens L., (2002), “Measurement and processing techniques for the exposure assessment of electromagnetic fields of base stations using spread-spectrum modulation”, Proc. GA Int. Union Radio Science.
• [24] Bornkessel C., (2013), “Immission measurements in the vicinity of LTE base stations”, Narda Safety Test Solutions GmbH, Germany.
• [25] Bornkessel C., Hein M., Wuschek M., (2015), “Measurement of human exposure to LTE base stations present status and future challenges in measurement methodology”, In Microwave Conference (EuMC), 881-884, Paris, France, (September 2015).
• [26] Pythoud F., and Mühlemann B., “Measurement method for LTE base stations,” METAS-report 2012-218-808, Bern, May 2012.
• [27] Verloock L., Joseph W., Gati A., Varsier N., Wiart J., Martens L., and Hansson B., “Low-cost extrapolation method for maximal LTE radio base station exposure estimation: test and validation”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, pp. 1-5, doi:10.1093/rpd/ncs307, 2012.
• [28] EN 50492, “Basic standard for the in-situ measurement of electromagnetic field strength related to human exposure in the vicinity of base stations,” EN 50492:2008 + A1:2014.
• [29] ICNIRP, (1998), “Guidelines for Limiting Exposure To Time Varying Electric, Magnetic, And Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz)”, Health Physics, 74, (4), 494–522.