Resistance status in Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations against single and mixture of neonicotinoid and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 47 Sayı: 2, 167 - 174, 20.07.2023
Duygu Demiröz
,
Abdullah Emre Atış
Öz
The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a vector of many plant virus diseases, causes damage to its wide range of hosts by direct feeding. Chemical control has been the primary method to control this species, and the intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance. In this study, conducted between the years 2017-2019, firstly resistance ratio of five M. persicae populations from Antalya, Türkiye were determined by leaf-dip bioassay method. The field populations showed significant resistance to thiamethoxam (between 201-332 fold) and lambda-cyhalothrin (between 50-103 fold) when compared to susceptible population. To identify whether resistance mediated by mutations in sodium channel and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, DNA regions that encompass “mutation hot-spot” were sequenced. This revealed no population contained R81T mutation that has been previously linked with neonicotinoid resistance. As to synthetic pyrethroid resistance, the L1014F kdr mutation was fixed in all field populations. This study is the first description of kdr mutation in M. persicae populations from Türkiye. Bioassay results also indicated that the toxicity of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin mixture was higher than that of lambda-cyhalothrin alone. Our findings can make significant contributions to M. persicae resistance management.
Destekleyen Kurum
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) & Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara and Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection
Proje Numarası
Project Number: BS-15/09-01/03-03
Teşekkür
The study was supported by funding from Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) (Project Number: BS-15/09-01/03-03). The authors would like to thank Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara and Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection for laboratory facilities.
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, M., M. Arif & I. Denholm, 2003. High Resistance of Field Populations of the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Pakistan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96 (3): 875-878.
- Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, C. T. Zimmer, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster, O. Gutbrod, R. Nauen, R. Slater & M. S. Williamson, 2014. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 51: 41-51.
- Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, M. Andrews, P. Cutler, M. Daniels, J. Elias, V. L. Paul, A. J. Crossthwaite, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster, R. Lind, M. S. Williamson & R. Slater, 2011. Mutation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor b subunit is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae. BMC Neuroscience, 12: 1-11.
- Bass, C., C. T. Zimmer, J. M. Riveron, C. S. Wilding, C. S. Wondji, M. Kaussmann, L. M. Field, M. S. Williamson & R. Nauen, 2013. Gene amplification and microsatellite polymorphism underlie a recent insect host shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (48): 19460-19465.
- Bass, C., I. Denholm, M. S. Williamson & R. Nauen 2015. The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 121: 78-87.
- Bielza, P., P. J. Espinosa, V. Quinto, J. Abellan & J. Contreras, 2007. Synergism studies with binary mixtures of pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Pest Management Science, 63 (1): 84-89.
- Cahill, M., F. J. Byrne, K. Gorman, I. Denholm & A. L. Devonshire, 1995. Pyretroid and organophosphate resistance in the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85 (2): 181-187.
- Cassanelli, S., B. Cerchiari, S. Giannini, D. Bizzaro, E. Mazzoni & G. C. Manicardi, 2005. Use of the RFLP-PCR diagnostic test for characterizing MACE and kdr insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae. Pest Management Science, 61 (1): 91-96.
- Davies, T. G. & M. S. Williamson, 2009. Interactions of pyrethroids with the voltagegated sodium channel. Bayer CropScience Journal, 62 (2): 159-178.
- Davies, T. G., L. M. Field, P. N. Usherwood & M. S. Williamson, 2007. DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB Life, 59 (3): 151-62.
- Du, Y., W. Song, J. R. Groome, Y. Nomura, N. Luo & K. Dong, 2010. A negative charge in transmembrane segment 1 of domain II of the cockroach sodium channel is critical for channel gating and action of pyrethroid insecticides. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 247 (1): 53-59.
- Georghiou, G.P. & C.E. Tayler, 1986. “Factors Influencing the Evolution of Resistance, 157-169”. In: Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 277 pp.
- Guillet, P., R. N’Guessan, F. Darriet, M. Traorelamizana, F. Chandre & P. Carnevale, 2001. Combined pyrethroid and carbamate ‘twoin-one’ treated mosquito nets: field efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15 (1): 105-112.
- Herron, G.A., K. Powis & J. Rophail, 2001. Insecticide resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a serious threat to Australian cotton. Australian Journal of Entomology, 40 (1): 85-89.
- IRAC, 2022. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. IRAC Susceptibility Test Methods Series. Method No: 019 (Web page: https:// irac-online.org) (Date accessed 10.11.2022).
- Jeschke, P., R. Nauen, M. Schindler & A. Elbert, 2011. Overview of the status and global strategy for neonicotinoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 (7): 2897-2908.
- Jiang, W-H., W-C. Guo, W-P. Lu, X-Q. Shi, M-H. Xiong, Z-T. Wang & G-Q. Li, 2011. Target site insensitivity mutations in the ache and ldvssc1 confer resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in northern xinjiang uygur autonomous region. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 100 (1): 74-81.
- Kearse, M., R. Moir, A. Wilson, S. Stones-Havas, M. Cheung, S. Sturrock, S. Buxton, A. Cooper, S. Markowitz, C. Duran, T. Thierer, B. Ashton, P. Meintjes & A. Drummond, 2012. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28 (12): 1647-1649.
- Leora Software, 1994. Polo-Pc: A User’s Guide to Probit or Logit Analysis. LeOra Software, Berkeley, CA., 28 pp.
- Martin T., O. G. Ochoi, M. Vaissayre & D. Fournier, 2003. Organophosphorus insecticides synergize pyrethroids in the resistant strain of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from West Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96 (2): 468-474.
- Martinez-Torres, D., A. L. Devonshire & M.S. Williamson, 1997. Molecular studies of knockdown resistance to pyrethroids: cloning of domain II sodium channel gene sequences from insects. Pesticide Science, 51 (3): 265-270.
- Martinez-Torres, D., S. P. Foster, L. M. Field, A. L. Devonshire & M. S. Williamson, 1999. A sodium channel point mutation is associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect Molecular Biology, 8 (3): 339-346.
- Miyazaki, M., K. Ohyama, D. Y. Dunlap & F. Matsumura, 1996. Cloning and sequencing of the para-type sodium channel gene from susceptible and kdr-resistant German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) and housefly (Musca domestica) Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 252: 61-68.
- Puinean A. M., B. Janelias, R. B. Slater, A. Warren, L. M. Field, A. Williamson, S. A Martin & C. Bass 2011. A development of a high-through put real-time PCR assay for the detection of the R81T mutationin the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae. Pest Management Science, 96 (2): 80-85.
- Puinean, A. M., S. P. Foster, L. Oliphant, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, N. S. Millar, M. S. Williamson & C. Bass, 2010. Amplification of a cytochrome P450 gene is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae. Plos Genetics, 6 (6): 1000999.
- Rinkevich, F. D., Y. Du & K. Dong, 2013. Diversity and Convergence of Sodium Channel Mutations Involved in Resistance to Pyrethroids. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 106 (3): 93-100.
- Robertson, J. L., R. M. Russell, H. K. Preisler & N. E. Savin, 2007. Pesticide Bioassays with Arthropods, Second ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 2nd edition, xxii + 199 pp. Hardcover, ISBN-10: 0-8493-2331-2, Florida Entomologist, 91 (3): 510-511.
- Rosenheim, J. A. & B. E. Tabashnik, 1990. Evolution of pesticide resistance: interactions between generation time and genetic, ecological, and operational factors. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83 (4): 1184-1193.
- Sayyed, A. H., D. Omar & D. J. Wright, 2004. Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multiresistant field-selected population of Plutella xylostella. Pest Management Science, 60 (8): 827-832.
- Shi, X., M. Xiong, W. Jiang, Z. Wang, W. Guo, Z. Xia, W. Fu & G. Li, 2012. Efficacy of endosulfan and fipronil and joint toxic action of endosulfan mixtures against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Journal of Pest Science, 85: 519-526.
- Slater, R., V. L. Paul, M. Andrews, M. Garbay & P. Camblin, 2011. Identifying the presence of neonicotinoid resistant peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) in the peach growing regions of southern France and northern Spain. Pest Management Science, 68 (4): 634-638.
- Soderlund, D. M., 2008. Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels. Pest management science, 64 (6): 610-616.
- Stevens, M.& C. Lacomme, 2017. “Transmission of Plant Viruses, 323-361”. In: Aphids as Crop Pests (Eds. H. F. van Emden & R. Harrington) CABI, Wallingford, 686 pp.
- Velioğlu, A. S. & S. Toros, 2002. Değişik bölgelerden toplanan Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hom.: Aphididae) popülasyonlarının bazı insektisitlere karşı dayanıklılık düzeylerinin araştırılması. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 42 (1-4): 67-79 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
- Velioğlu, A. S., C. Erdoğan, M. O. Gürkan & G.D. Moores, 2008. Sebzelerde Zarar Yapan Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Popülasyonlarının İnsektisitlere Direnci ile Biyokimyasal Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi, (TÜBITAK TOVAG 105 O 576’nolu Proje Sonuç Raporu), Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 110 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
- Vontas, J. & K. Mavridis, 2019. Vector population monitoring tools for insecticide resistance management: Myth or fact? Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 161: 54-60.
- Williamson, M. S., I. Denholm, C. A. Bell & A. L. Devonshire, 1993. Knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides maps to a sodium channel gene locus in the housefly (Musca domestica). Molecular and General Genetics, 240: 17-22.
Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) popülasyonlarında neonikotinoid ve sentetik piretroid insektisitlerin tekli ve karışımlarına karşı direnç durumu
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 47 Sayı: 2, 167 - 174, 20.07.2023
Duygu Demiröz
,
Abdullah Emre Atış
Öz
Birçok bitki virüs hastalığının vektörü olan yeşil şeftali yaprakbiti, Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), doğrudan beslenerek çok sayıda konukçusuna zarar vermektedir. Kimyasal kontrol, bu tür ile mücadelede birincil yol olması ve yoğun kimyasal kullanımı insektisit direnci gelişimine yol açmaktadır. 2017-2019 yılları arasında yapılan bu çalışmada ilk olarak, Antalya, Türkiye'den beş M. persicae popülasyonunun direnç oranları yaprak daldırma biyoassay yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Örtüaltı popülasyonları, hassas popülasyona kıyasla, thiamethoxam için (201-332 kat aralığında) ve lambda-cyhalothrin için (50-103 kat aralığında) önemli direnç göstermiştir. Direncin sodyum kanalı ve nikotinik asetilkolin reseptöründeki mutasyonlardan kaynaklı olup olmadığını belirlemek için, “mutasyon sıcak nokta”larını kapsayan DNA bölgeleri dizilenmiştir. Popülasyonların neonikotinoid direncine neden olan R81T mutasyonunu içermediği belirlenmiştir. Sentetik piretroid direncinde, L1014F kdr mutasyonu tüm arazi popülasyonlarında tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'deki yeşil şeftali yaprakbiti popülasyonlarında kdr mutasyonu ilk defa gösterilmiştir. Biyoassay sonuçları ayrıca, thiamethoxam ve lambda-cyhalothrin karışım toksisitesinin, tek başına, lambda-cyhalothrin toksisitesinden daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgularımız M. persicae direnç yönetimi için önemli katkılar sağlayabilir.
Proje Numarası
Project Number: BS-15/09-01/03-03
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, M., M. Arif & I. Denholm, 2003. High Resistance of Field Populations of the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Pakistan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96 (3): 875-878.
- Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, C. T. Zimmer, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster, O. Gutbrod, R. Nauen, R. Slater & M. S. Williamson, 2014. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 51: 41-51.
- Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, M. Andrews, P. Cutler, M. Daniels, J. Elias, V. L. Paul, A. J. Crossthwaite, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster, R. Lind, M. S. Williamson & R. Slater, 2011. Mutation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor b subunit is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae. BMC Neuroscience, 12: 1-11.
- Bass, C., C. T. Zimmer, J. M. Riveron, C. S. Wilding, C. S. Wondji, M. Kaussmann, L. M. Field, M. S. Williamson & R. Nauen, 2013. Gene amplification and microsatellite polymorphism underlie a recent insect host shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (48): 19460-19465.
- Bass, C., I. Denholm, M. S. Williamson & R. Nauen 2015. The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 121: 78-87.
- Bielza, P., P. J. Espinosa, V. Quinto, J. Abellan & J. Contreras, 2007. Synergism studies with binary mixtures of pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Pest Management Science, 63 (1): 84-89.
- Cahill, M., F. J. Byrne, K. Gorman, I. Denholm & A. L. Devonshire, 1995. Pyretroid and organophosphate resistance in the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85 (2): 181-187.
- Cassanelli, S., B. Cerchiari, S. Giannini, D. Bizzaro, E. Mazzoni & G. C. Manicardi, 2005. Use of the RFLP-PCR diagnostic test for characterizing MACE and kdr insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae. Pest Management Science, 61 (1): 91-96.
- Davies, T. G. & M. S. Williamson, 2009. Interactions of pyrethroids with the voltagegated sodium channel. Bayer CropScience Journal, 62 (2): 159-178.
- Davies, T. G., L. M. Field, P. N. Usherwood & M. S. Williamson, 2007. DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB Life, 59 (3): 151-62.
- Du, Y., W. Song, J. R. Groome, Y. Nomura, N. Luo & K. Dong, 2010. A negative charge in transmembrane segment 1 of domain II of the cockroach sodium channel is critical for channel gating and action of pyrethroid insecticides. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 247 (1): 53-59.
- Georghiou, G.P. & C.E. Tayler, 1986. “Factors Influencing the Evolution of Resistance, 157-169”. In: Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 277 pp.
- Guillet, P., R. N’Guessan, F. Darriet, M. Traorelamizana, F. Chandre & P. Carnevale, 2001. Combined pyrethroid and carbamate ‘twoin-one’ treated mosquito nets: field efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15 (1): 105-112.
- Herron, G.A., K. Powis & J. Rophail, 2001. Insecticide resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a serious threat to Australian cotton. Australian Journal of Entomology, 40 (1): 85-89.
- IRAC, 2022. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. IRAC Susceptibility Test Methods Series. Method No: 019 (Web page: https:// irac-online.org) (Date accessed 10.11.2022).
- Jeschke, P., R. Nauen, M. Schindler & A. Elbert, 2011. Overview of the status and global strategy for neonicotinoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 (7): 2897-2908.
- Jiang, W-H., W-C. Guo, W-P. Lu, X-Q. Shi, M-H. Xiong, Z-T. Wang & G-Q. Li, 2011. Target site insensitivity mutations in the ache and ldvssc1 confer resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in northern xinjiang uygur autonomous region. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 100 (1): 74-81.
- Kearse, M., R. Moir, A. Wilson, S. Stones-Havas, M. Cheung, S. Sturrock, S. Buxton, A. Cooper, S. Markowitz, C. Duran, T. Thierer, B. Ashton, P. Meintjes & A. Drummond, 2012. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28 (12): 1647-1649.
- Leora Software, 1994. Polo-Pc: A User’s Guide to Probit or Logit Analysis. LeOra Software, Berkeley, CA., 28 pp.
- Martin T., O. G. Ochoi, M. Vaissayre & D. Fournier, 2003. Organophosphorus insecticides synergize pyrethroids in the resistant strain of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from West Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96 (2): 468-474.
- Martinez-Torres, D., A. L. Devonshire & M.S. Williamson, 1997. Molecular studies of knockdown resistance to pyrethroids: cloning of domain II sodium channel gene sequences from insects. Pesticide Science, 51 (3): 265-270.
- Martinez-Torres, D., S. P. Foster, L. M. Field, A. L. Devonshire & M. S. Williamson, 1999. A sodium channel point mutation is associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect Molecular Biology, 8 (3): 339-346.
- Miyazaki, M., K. Ohyama, D. Y. Dunlap & F. Matsumura, 1996. Cloning and sequencing of the para-type sodium channel gene from susceptible and kdr-resistant German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) and housefly (Musca domestica) Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 252: 61-68.
- Puinean A. M., B. Janelias, R. B. Slater, A. Warren, L. M. Field, A. Williamson, S. A Martin & C. Bass 2011. A development of a high-through put real-time PCR assay for the detection of the R81T mutationin the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae. Pest Management Science, 96 (2): 80-85.
- Puinean, A. M., S. P. Foster, L. Oliphant, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, N. S. Millar, M. S. Williamson & C. Bass, 2010. Amplification of a cytochrome P450 gene is associated with resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in the aphid Myzus persicae. Plos Genetics, 6 (6): 1000999.
- Rinkevich, F. D., Y. Du & K. Dong, 2013. Diversity and Convergence of Sodium Channel Mutations Involved in Resistance to Pyrethroids. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 106 (3): 93-100.
- Robertson, J. L., R. M. Russell, H. K. Preisler & N. E. Savin, 2007. Pesticide Bioassays with Arthropods, Second ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 2nd edition, xxii + 199 pp. Hardcover, ISBN-10: 0-8493-2331-2, Florida Entomologist, 91 (3): 510-511.
- Rosenheim, J. A. & B. E. Tabashnik, 1990. Evolution of pesticide resistance: interactions between generation time and genetic, ecological, and operational factors. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83 (4): 1184-1193.
- Sayyed, A. H., D. Omar & D. J. Wright, 2004. Genetics of spinosad resistance in a multiresistant field-selected population of Plutella xylostella. Pest Management Science, 60 (8): 827-832.
- Shi, X., M. Xiong, W. Jiang, Z. Wang, W. Guo, Z. Xia, W. Fu & G. Li, 2012. Efficacy of endosulfan and fipronil and joint toxic action of endosulfan mixtures against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Journal of Pest Science, 85: 519-526.
- Slater, R., V. L. Paul, M. Andrews, M. Garbay & P. Camblin, 2011. Identifying the presence of neonicotinoid resistant peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) in the peach growing regions of southern France and northern Spain. Pest Management Science, 68 (4): 634-638.
- Soderlund, D. M., 2008. Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels. Pest management science, 64 (6): 610-616.
- Stevens, M.& C. Lacomme, 2017. “Transmission of Plant Viruses, 323-361”. In: Aphids as Crop Pests (Eds. H. F. van Emden & R. Harrington) CABI, Wallingford, 686 pp.
- Velioğlu, A. S. & S. Toros, 2002. Değişik bölgelerden toplanan Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hom.: Aphididae) popülasyonlarının bazı insektisitlere karşı dayanıklılık düzeylerinin araştırılması. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 42 (1-4): 67-79 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
- Velioğlu, A. S., C. Erdoğan, M. O. Gürkan & G.D. Moores, 2008. Sebzelerde Zarar Yapan Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Popülasyonlarının İnsektisitlere Direnci ile Biyokimyasal Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi, (TÜBITAK TOVAG 105 O 576’nolu Proje Sonuç Raporu), Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 110 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
- Vontas, J. & K. Mavridis, 2019. Vector population monitoring tools for insecticide resistance management: Myth or fact? Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 161: 54-60.
- Williamson, M. S., I. Denholm, C. A. Bell & A. L. Devonshire, 1993. Knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides maps to a sodium channel gene locus in the housefly (Musca domestica). Molecular and General Genetics, 240: 17-22.