THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH, LABOR, AND CARBON EMISSION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UPPER-MIDDLE AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES

Yıl 2024, , 145 - 153, 31.08.2024

Eyyup Ecevit , Şenay Hiçyılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1469208

Öz

In our study, a panel data analysis was conducted with 89 countries categorized as high-income and upper-middle-income. Dumitrescu & Hurlin causality test and Driscoll & Kraay standard error fixed effects model estimations were performed using the data of the relevant countries. According to our findings, both uni-directional and mostly bi-directional causality relationships were found among variables such as healthcare expenditure, life expectancy at birth, labor force participation rate, CO₂ emissions, and GDP per capita. Long-term forecast results indicate that healthcare expenditure, life expectancy at birth, and CO₂ emissions have positive effects on GDP per capita in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. The impact of labor force participation on economic growth varied between the two panel groups. The effect of labor force on GDP was found to be negative in upper-middle-income countries and insignificant in high-income countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health, labor force, CO₂ emission, causality, Driscoll & Kraay

ÜST-ORTA VE YÜKSEK GELİRLİ ÜLKELERDE SAĞLIK, İŞGÜCÜ İLE KARBON EMİSYONUNUN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Öz

Çalışmamızda yüksek gelirli ve üst-orta gelirli olmak üzere 89 ülke üzerinde panel veri çalışması uygulanmıştır. İlgili ülkelerin verileri ile Dumitrescu & Hurlin nedensellik testi ve Driscoll & Kraay standart hatalı sabit etkiler model tahmini yapılmıştır. Bulgularımıza göre sağlık harcamaları, doğuşta yaşam beklentisi, işgücüne katılım oranı, CO₂ emisyonu ve kişi başına GSYH değişkenleri arasında tek ve çoğunlukla çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmıştır. Uzun dönem tahmin sonuçları, yüksek ve üst-orta gelirli ülkelerde sağlık harcamaları, doğuşta yaşam beklentisi ve CO₂ emisyonun GSYH üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. İşgücüne katılım oranının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi iki panel grubunda farklıdır. İşgücünün GSYH’ya etkisi üst orta gelirli ülkelerde negatif, yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ise anlamsız bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık, işgücü, CO₂ emisyonu, nedensellik, Driscoll & Kraay

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2007). Disease and development: the effect of life expectancy on economic growth. Journal of political Economy, 115(6), 925-985.
• Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: what causes what and where?, Energy Economics, 74, 677-692.
• Aghion, P., Howitt, P., & Murtin, F. (2010). The relationship between health and growth: when Lucas meets Nelson-Phelps (No. w15813). National Bureau of Economic Research, 2(1), 1-50.
• Altınöz, B., & Aslan, A. (2019). Eğitim ve sağlık faktörleri bağlamında beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyümeye katkısı: n-11 ülkeleri için bir uygulama. In International Economics Research And Financıal Markets Congress, Gaziantep, 183-194.
• Atik, H. (2006). Beşeri sermaye, dış ticaret ve ekonomik büyüme (1. Baskı). Ekin Kitabevi.
• Barro, R. J. (2013). Education and economic growth. Annals of Economics and Finance, 14(2), 301-328.
• Bozkurt, C., & Akan, Y. (2014). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: the Turkish case. International journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 484-494.
• Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N., & Mbarek, M. B. (2016). On the causal dynamics between CO₂ emissions, health expenditures and economic growth. Sustainable cities and society, 22, 184-191.
• Clark, R. L., York, E. A., & Anker, R. (1999). Economic development and labor force participation of older persons. Population Research and Policy Review, 18, 411-433.
• Cvetanoska, M., & Trpeski, P. (2021). The impact of health on economic growth: A panel approach of selected. Western Balkans Countries.
• Cylus, J., & Al Tayara, L. (2021). Health, an ageing labour force, and the economy: does health moderate the relationship between population age-structure and economic growth?. Social Science & Medicine, 287, 114353.
• Çetin, M., & Ecevit, E. (2010). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir panel regresyon analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 11(2), 166-182.
• Doğan, İ. (2016). Verimlilik, ekonomik büyüme ve sağlık ilişkisi; Türkiye için doğrusal olmayan nedensellik testi. Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 21-48.
• Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
• Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460.
• Erçelik, G. (2018). The relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Turkey from 1980 to 2015. Journal of Politics Economy and Management, 1(1).
• Gençoğlu, P. (2016). Sağlık ve ekonomik gelişme: Türkiye örneği (Yayımlanmış doktora tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Gupta, I., & Mitra, A. (2004). Economic growth, health and poverty: An exploratory study for India. Development Policy Review, 22(2), 193-206.
• Gyimah-Brempong, K., & Wilson, M. (2004). Health human capital and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African and OECD countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 44(2), 296-320.
• Haque A. U., Kibria G., Selim M. I., & Smrity D. Y. (2019). Labor force participation rate and Economic Growth:Observations for Bangladesh. International journal of Economics and Financial Research, 5(9), 209-213.
• Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. The Econometric Society, 46(6), 1251-1271.
• Ibukun, C. O., & Omisore, W. M. (2022). Air pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in MINT countries: A trivariate causality test. J. Econ. Adm. Sci. (ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/JEAS-03-2022-0074
• Jebabli, I., Lahiani, A., & Mefteh-Wali, S. (2023). Quantile connectedness between CO₂ emissions and economic growth in G7 countries. Resources Policy, 81, 103348.
• Khan, A. Q., Azam, M., Abdullah, H. B., & Qureshi, M. E. (2016). The impact of CO₂ emissions on economic growth: Evidence from selected higher CO₂ emissions economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 6376-6389.
• Kızıl, B. C., & Ceylan, R. (2018). Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 13(50), 197-209.
• Korançe, F. (2021). The growing relation between environment and public health. SciMedicine Journal, 3(2), 100-115.
• Li, F., Chang, T., Wang, M. C., & Zhou, J. (2022). The relationship between health expenditure, CO 2 emissions, and economic growth in the BRICS countries—based on the Fourier ARDL model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-20.
• Madden, D. D. P., & Walker, I. (1999). Labour supply, health and caring: evidence from the UK. UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series.
• McGuire A., Seib C., & Anderson D. (2016), Factors predicting barriers to exercise in midlife Australian women, Maturitas An international journal of midlife health and beyond, 87, 61-66.
• Maestas, N., Mullen, K. J., & Powell, D. (2016). The effect of population aging on economic growth, the labor force and productivity (No. w22452). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., & Khoshnoudi, M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. Science of the total environment, 649, 31-49.
• Mazgit, İ. (2002). Bilgi toplumu ve sağlığın artan önemi. I. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi, 405, 415.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
• Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008), A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105–127.
• Piabou, S. M. ve Tieguhong, J. C. (2017). Health Expenditure And Economic Growth- a Review of the Literature and an Analysis Between the Economic Community For Central African States (CEMAC) and Selected African Countries. 7, 23.
• Rengin, A. K. (2012). The relationship between health expenditures and economic growth: Turkish case. International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research, 3(1), 2012, 404-409.
• Sabra, M. (2022). Health expenditure, life expectancy, fertility rate, CO₂ emissions and economic growth Do public, private and external health expenditure matter. International Journal of Economic Sciences, 11(2), 179–191.
• Sancar, C. ve Atay Polat, M. (2021). CO2 emisyonları, ekonomik büyüme ve sağlık harcamaları ilişkisi: Türkiye ve seçilmiş ülke örnekleri için ampirik bir uygulama. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 236-252. doi:10.33206/mjss.748253
• Selim, S., Uysal, D., & Eryiğit, P. (2014). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin ekonometrik analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 13-24.
• Setiawan A.B. ve Yusuf M. (2022), The Nexus Between Health and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia , Journal Economy Pembagunan, 23(2).
• Taban, S. (2006). Türkiye'de sağlık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi. Sosyoekonomi, 4(4), 31-46.
• Trofimov, I, D. (2020). Health care spending and Economic growth:Armey-Rahn curve in a panel of European economies, MPRA Paper 106705, University Library of Munich, Germany.
• Vyas V., Mehta K,. & Sharma R. (2023). The nexus between toxic-air pollution, health expenditure, and Economic Growth: An empiricial study using ARDL. International Review of Economics& Finance, 84, 154-166.
• Wang, K. M. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth: Quantile panel-type analysis. Economic Modelling, 28(4), 1536–1549.
• Wang, Y., & Liu, S. (2016). Education, human capital and economic growth: Empirical research on 55 countries and regions (1960-2009). Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(2), 347-355.
• Westerlund, J. (2005). New simple tests for panel cointegration. Econometric Reviews, 24(3), 297-316.
• Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012). OECD ülkelerinde sağlık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin ekonometrik bir incelemesi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 27-47.
• Yumuşak, I. G., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2009). An econometric examination over the relation between health expenditure and economic growth. The Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management, 4, 57-70.
• Zaidi, S., & Saidi, K. (2018). Environmental pollution, health expenditure and economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa countries: Panel ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 833–840.
• Zeshan, M. & Ahemd, S. (2013). Energy, environment and growth nexus in South Asia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development. Springer, 15(6), 1465-1475.