The Rebirth of the Basic Income Idea from the 16th Century to the 21th Century

Yıl 2018, , 353 - 380, 28.12.2018

Fatma Yapıcı , Şahin Karabulut

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.416810

Cited By: 3

Öz

People, with his subsistence, needs a permanent basic income in order to meet his individual and social needs. The person has to earn income by participating in the production activity for obtain goods and services that required to meet the requirements. However, the idea that the government should guarantee a minimum income for all the individuals has also been defended to a considerable extent since the past. In this context, firstly, the basic income model, which was introduced in 16th century, has been discussed in this study. The basic income debates and their models have been examined in a historical perspective and the subject is detailed through examples of countries that constitute an example of basic income practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Basic Income, Negative Income Tax, Social Politics

16.Yüzyıldan 21.Yüzyıla Temel Gelir Düşüncesinin Yeniden Doğuşu

Öz

İnsan, bireysel ve toplumsal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanabilmesi için varoluşu ile birlikte sürekli belirli bir gelire ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Söz konusu gereksinimlerini karşılayabilmek için elde edilmesi gereken mal ve hizmetlere ulaşmada kullanılacak geliri birey, üretim faaliyetine katılarak elde etmek zorundadır. Ancak devletin tüm bireylere belirli bir tutarda minimum bir geliri garanti etmesi gerektiği fikri de geçmişten bu yana azımsanmayacak düzeyde savunulmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, ilk olarak 16. Yüzyılda ortaya atılan temel gelir uygulaması incelenmiştir. Söz konusu temel gelir tartışmaları ve uygulamaları tarihsel bir perspektif içinde ele alınmış ve temel gelir uygulamalarına örnek teşkil eden ülke örnekleri üzerinden konu ayrıntılandırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Temel Gelir, Negatif Gelir Vergisi, Sosyal Politika

Kaynakça

• ALSTOTT, Anne L. (2001). “Good for Women”, What's Wrong With a Free Lunch?, J. COHEN, J. ROGERS, and VAN PARIJS, (Ed.), Boston, Beacon Press, pp. 75-79.
• Avrupa Birliği (2012). Avrupa Birliği’nde Asgari Gelir Programları Raporu, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumunun Kapasitesinin Artırılması İçin Teknik Destek Projesi, Türkiye.
• BUĞRA, Ayşe & Çağlar, KEYDER; (2012). Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru, İletişim Yayınları.
• CASASSAS, David. & Jurgen, DE WISPELAERE; (2012). “The Alaska Model: A Republican Perspective Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend Examining Its Suitability as a Model”, Karl WIDERQUIST and Michael W. HOWAR , (Ed.) pp.141-157 Palgrave Macmillan, ABD. Internet Address: http://www.basicincome.org/bien/pdf/munich2012/Howard_Widerquist.pdf, Date of Access: 12.12.2017.
• CLARK, Charles & Catherine KAVANAGH; (1996). “Basic Income, Inequality, and Unemployment: Rethinking the Linkage Between Work and Welfare”. Journal of Economic Issues, 30(2), pp. 399-406.
• DAVUTOĞLU, Ayten; (2011). “Sosyal Politika ve Alternatif Toplum Modeli Arayışları: Temel Gelir Önerisinin Ütopya Kavramı Çerçevesinde Okunması”, III. Sosyal Haklar Uluslararası Sempozyumu, 25-26 Ekim 2011, Kocaeli. Internet Adres: http://www.sosyalhaklar.net/2011/bildiri/davutoglu.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2017.
• DE WISPELAERE, Jurgen and Lindsay, STIRTON; (2004). “The Many Faces of Universal Basic Income”, The Political Quarterly, 75(3), pp. 266–274.
• EKER, Aytaç, Asuman ALTAY ve Mustafa SAKAL; (2013). Maliye Politikası, 5.Baskı, İzmir, İlkem yayıncılık.
• ELSTER, Jon; (1986). “Comment on Van der Veen and Van Parijs”. Theory & Society, 15(5), pp. 709-721.
• Euronews; (2017). “Finlandiya ve İskoçya Temel Gelire Geçmeye Hazırlanıyor”, Internet Adresi: http://tr.euronews.com/2017/01/03/finlandiya-ve-iskocya-evrensel-temel-gelir-e-gecmeye-hazirlaniyor, Date of Access: 20.02.3017.
• FITZPATRICK, Tony; (1999). Freedom and Security: An Introduction to the Basic Income Debate, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
• FRANKMAN, Myron; (2012). “Kanada’da Evrensel Programların Kurulması ve Sürdürülmesi: Gönülleri ve Zihinleri Kazanmak”, Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru, Ayşe BUĞRA ve Çağlar KEYDER (Ed.), İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, ss. 243-262.
• FRIEDMAN, Milton; (1962). Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• GOETHESTR, Johannes Hanel: (2008). “Basic Income and Social Justice”, The 12th BIEN Congress, June 20-21 2008, Dublin. Internet Address: https://www.socialjustice.ie/sites/default/files/attach/policy-issue-article/3321/1eiiihanelbisj.pdf , Date of Access: 26.02.2017.
• GOLDSMITH, Scott; (2010). “The Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend: A Case Study in Implementation of a Basic Income Guarantee”, 13th Basic Income Earth Network Congress University of Sao Paulo, July 2010, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Internet Address: http://www.iser.uaa.alaska.edu/Publications/bien_xiii_ak_pfd_lessons.pdf. Date of Access: 25.04.2017.
• GÖKÇEOĞLU BALCI, Şebnem; (2007), Tutunamayanlar ve Hukuk, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
• GROOT, Loek; (2004). “Basic Income and Unemployment”, Basic Income, Unemployment and Compensatory Justice, L. GROOT(Ed.) , New York, Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 69-91.
• HEESKENS, René; (2005). Earth Dividend and Global Basic Income: A Promising Partnership. GBI Foundation, Interbet Address: http://www.globalincome.org/English/Earth-Dividend.html, Date of Access: 24.02.2017.
• HUFT, Gerald; (2015). Big Idea: Universal Basic Income. Date of Access: https://www.slideshare.net/guesta538d6/universal-basic-income-55942987, Date of Access: 04.05.2017.
• KANGAS, Olli and Laura KALLIOMAA-PUHA; (2016). Basic Income Experiment in Finland, European Social Policy Network ESPN Flash Report 2016/ 13.
• KARABULUT, Şahin and Fatma YAPICI; (2015). “Negative Income Tax as a Social Politics Instrument”, Current Approaches in Social Sciences, R. YILMAZ, G.
• LOSCHNIGG, Hasan ARSLAN, and Mehmet Ali İCBAY (Ed.) , Frankfurt, PeterLang GmbH, pp.183-190.
• KELA; (2016). From Idea to Experiment Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland, Research at Kela, Working Papers No: 106 | 2016.
• KELA; (2017). Basic Income Amount and Payment, Internet Address: http://www.kela.fi/web/en/basic-income-amount-and-payment, Date of Access: 21.04.2017.
• KELA; (2017). Basic Income Experiment 2017-2018, Internet Address: http://www.kela.fi/documents/10180/3611332/Kela_BASICINCOME_A4_EN.pdf/80b99f40-bc88-4fb8-a47d-d8674ac00a9a, Date of Access: 21.04.2017.
• KILDAL, Nanna and Stein KUHNLE; (2005). “The Nordic Welfare Model and the Idea of Universalism”, Normative Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience, Nanna KILDAL and Stein KUHNLE (Ed.), London, Routledge, pp. 13-33.
• MACMILLAN, Sarah; (2017). “Update on Basic-Income Effort 'Very Disappointing”, 07 April, 2017, Internet Address: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-basic-income-update-1.4059802, Date of Access: 18.04.2017.
• MCFARLAND, Kate; (2016). “Alaska, US: Amount of 2016 Permanent Fund Dividend to be $1022”, September 29, 2016 , Internet Address: http://basicincome.org/news/2016/09/alaska-us-amount-2016-permanent-fund-dividend-1022/ , Date of Access: 21.04.2017.
• MCFARLAND, Kate; (2017). “Canada: Federal government Fails to Offer Funding for Prince Edward Island Basic Income Pilot”, April 12, 2017 ,Internet Address: http://basicincome.org/news/2017/04/canada-federal-government-fails-offer-funding-prince-edward-island-basic-income-pilot/, Date of Access: 17.04.2017.
• MCFARLAND, Kate; (2017). “Ontario, Canada: Government Releases Summary of Consultations on Minimum Income Pilot”, 22 March, 2017, Internet Address:http://basicincome.org/news/2017/03/ontario-canada-government-releases-results-consultations-basic-income-pilot/, Date of Access: 17.04.2017.
• MERCHANT, Brian; (2015). “The Only State Where Everyone Gets Free Money”, 4 Eylül 2015, Internet Address: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/only-state-free-money-alaska, Date of Access: 21.04.2017.
• MIDDLETON, S. and, S, ROBERTS; (2004). “Issues Fort the Design of a New Minimum Income System for Jersey”, CRPS 514, Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University.
• PERKİÖ, Johanna; (2016). “Universal Basic Income”. Internet Address,http://blogi.kansanelakelaitos.fi/arkisto/2937,: Access date: 21.04.2017
• PETERSEN, Christian Siegwart; (2014). Money for Nothing? Arguments for Basic Income, Universal Pensions and Universal Child Benefits in Norway, Department of Comparative Politics Master Thesis, University of Bergen.
• PICKARD, Toni; (2015). “Basic Income Guarantee and Healthy Minimum Wage Go Hand in Hand, Says Retired Professor”, July 3, 2015. Internet Address: http://leadersandlegacies.com/2015/07/03/basic-income-guarantee-and-healthy-minimum-wage-go-hand-in-hand-says-retired-professor/, Date of Access: 18.04.2017.
• RAVENTOS, Daniel; (2007). Basic Income The Material Conditions of Freedom, London, Pluto Press.
• RHYS-WILLIAMS, Juliet; (1953). Taxation and Incentive, New York: Oxford University Press.
• STANDING, Guy; (2012). “Temel Gelir: Küreselleşen Dünyada Yoksullukla bir Mücadele Yöntemi”, Bir Temel Hak Olarak Vatandaşlık Gelirine Doğru, Ayşe BUĞRA ve Çağlar KEYDER (Ed.), İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, ss. 17-36.
• TOPATEŞ, Hakan; (2012). “Çalışma ve Yurttaşlık İlişkisi Bağlamında Temel Gelir”, Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, No: 3(2), ss.131-153.
• VAN PARIJS, Philippe; (2009). “Basic Income and Social Justice Why Philosophers Disagree”. Joint Joseph Rowntree Foundation/University of York Annual Lecture 2009, Internet Address: https://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/etes/documents/2010.BIGlobalizationMigrationdraft4.pdf, Date of Access: 25.02.2017.
• VAN PARIJS, Philippe; (2004). “A Basic Income for All: A Brief Defence to Secure Real Freedom, Grant Everyone A Subsistence Income”, Basic Income, Unemployment and Compensatory Justice, L. GROOT (Ed.), New York, Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 11- 23.
• VIVES, Johannes Ludovicus; (1526). De Subventione Pauperum Sive de Humanis Necessitatibus (On Assistance To The Poor), (Çev.) Tobriner A., Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1999.
• WIDERQUIST, Karl, Josê A. NOGUERA, Yannick VANDERBORG and Jurgen De WISPELAERE; (2013). Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research, Chichester: Wiley.