THE EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT AND FINANCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Yıl 2021, , 197 - 220, 31.08.2021

Yahya Algül , İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.935635

Cited By: 1

Öz

As one of the fastest developing countries in the world, Turkey has been suffering from
domestic violence significantly in recent decades and it has been one of the hottest topics discussed
both in public and in the national media. On the other hand, it is interesting that according to United
Nations Turkey is one of the leading countries in the MENA regarding the fight against domestic
violence and supporting women’s legal rights in general. However, beyond the legal rights and state
support to women, together with other socioeconomic factors, employment status and financial
empowerment of women may be linked to sexual and physical violence against women. In this study,
it is aimed to investigate this potential relationship by using the “Research on Domestic Violence
Against Women in Turkey” survey data conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014. The
multinomial probit model was used to modeling the effects of employment and financial
empowerment on violence against women. According to estimations results, women who have a job
may less likely to experience some types of domestic violence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Violence Against Women, Women Employment, Women Financial Empowerment, Multinomial Probit Model

KADINLARIN İSTIHDAMININ VE MALİ GÜÇLENMESİNİN AİLE İÇİ ŞİDDETE ETKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

As one of the fastest developing countries in the world, Turkey has been suffering from
domestic violence significantly in recent decades and it has been one of the hottest topics discussed
both in public and in the national media. On the other hand, it is interesting that according to United
Nations Turkey is one of the leading countries in the MENA regarding the fight against domestic
violence and supporting women’s legal rights in general. However, beyond the legal rights and state
support to women, together with other socioeconomic factors, employment status and financial
empowerment of women may be linked to sexual and physical violence against women. In this study,
it is aimed to investigate this potential relationship by using the “Research on Domestic Violence
Against Women in Turkey” survey data conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014. The
multinomial probit model was used to modeling the effects of employment and financial
empowerment on violence against women. According to estimations results, women who have a job
may less likely to experience some types of domestic violence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadına Yönelik Şiddet, Kadın İstihdamı, Aile içi Şiddet, Çok Terimli Probit Modeli.

Kaynakça

• Aizer, A. (2010). The gender wage gap and domestic violence. American Economic Review, 100(4), 1847-59.
• Alan, H., Yilmaz, S. D., Filiz, E., & Arioz, A. (2016). Domestic violence awareness and prevention among married women in Central Anatolia. Journal of family violence, 31(6), 711-719.
• Alhabib, S., Nur, U., & Jones, R. (2010). Domestic violence against women: Systematic review of prevalence studies. Journal of family violence, 25(4), 369-382.
• Alvarez, R. M., & Nagler, J. (1998). When politics and models collide: Estimating models of multiparty elections. American Journal of Political Science, 55-96.
• Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., & Wilson, T. (2016). Unemployment and domestic violence: Theory and evidence. The Economic Journal, 126(597), 1947-1979.
• Balci, Y. G., & Ayranci, U. (2005). Physical violence against women: Evaluation of women assaulted by spouses. Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 12(5), 258-263.
• Bamiwuye, S. O., & Odimegwu, C. (2014). Spousal violence in sub-Saharan Africa: does household poverty-wealth matter?. Reproductive health, 11(1), 1-10.
• Bhattacharya, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Battered and shattered: will they get justice? A study of domestic violence against women in India based on National Family Health Survey, 2005. The Journal of Adult Protection.
• Bowlus, A. J., and Seitz, S. (2006). Domestic violence, employment, and divorce. International Economic Review, 47(4), 1113-1149.
• Brown, L., Thurman, T., Bloem, J., & Kendall, C. (2006). Sexual violence in Lesotho. Studies in Family Planning, 34(4)
• Brownridge, D. A., & Halli, S. S. (2002). Double jeopardy?: Violence against immigrant women in Canada. Violence and victims, 17(4), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.4.455.33680
• Burazeri, G., Roshi, E., Jewkes, R., Jordan, S., Bjegovic, V., & Laaser, U. (2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: cross sectional study. Bmj, 331(7510), 197-201.
• Castro, R., Peek-Asa, C., & Ruiz, A. (2003). Violence against women in Mexico: a study of abuse before and during pregnancy. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1110-1116.
• Chin, Y. M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
• Chin, Y. M., Song, J. J., & Stamey, J. D. (2017). A Bayesian approach to misclassified binary response: female employment and intimate partner violence in urban India. Applied economics letters, 24(20), 1439-1442.
• Daganzo, C. F. (1979). The statistical interpretation of predictions with disaggregate demand models. Transportation Science, 13(1), 1-12.
• Dikmen, H. A., & Munevver, G. I. (2020). The relationship between domestic violence and the attitudes of women towards honor, gender roles, and wife-beating in Turkey. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 34(5), 421-426.
• Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (2003). Exposure reduction or retaliation? The effects of domestic violence resources on intimate‐partner homicide. Law & society review, 37(1), 169-198.
• Ergöçmen, B. A., Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu, İ., & Jansen, H. A. (2013). Intimate partner violence and the relation between help-seeking behavior and the severity and frequency of physical violence among women in Turkey. Violence against women, 19(9), 1151-1174.
• Erten, B., & Keskin, P. (2020). Female employment and intimate partner violence: evidence from Syrian refugee inflows to Turkey. Journal of Development Economics, 150, 102607.
• Gage, A. J. (2005). Women's experience of intimate partner violence in Haiti. Social science & medicine, 61(2), 343-364.
• Gaikwad, V., & Rao, D. H. (2014). A cross-sectional study of domestic violence perpetrated by Intimate partner against married women in the reproductive age group in an urban slum area in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 5(1), 49.
• Geweke, J., Keane, M., & Runkle, D. (1994). Alternative computational approaches to inference in the multinomial probit model. The review of economics and statistics, 609-632.
• Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis 4th edition. International edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Guarnieri, E.; Rainer, H. (2018) : Female Empowerment and Male Backlash, CESifo Working Paper, No. 7009, Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich
• Gul, S. S. (2013). The role of the state in protecting women against domestic violence and women's shelters in Turkey. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 38, pp. 107-116). Pergamon.
• Heath, R. (2014). Women’s access to labor market opportunities, control of household resources, and domestic violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 57, 32-46.
• Jeyaseelan, L., Kumar, S., Neelakantan, N., Peedicayil, A., Pillai, R., & Duvvury, N. (2007). Physical spousal violence against women in India: some risk factors. Journal of biosocial science, 39(5), 657.
• Kerman T.K., & Betrus, P. (2020). Violence against women in Turkey: A social ecological framework of determinants and prevention strategies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(3), 510-526.
• Kishor, S., & Johnson, K. (2004). Profiling domestic violence: a multi-country study. Studies in Family Planning, 36(3), 259-261.
• Kizilgol, O. A., & Ipek, E. (2018). An Analysis on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey: Multinomial Logit Model. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 715-734.
• Kocacık, F. & Çağlayandereli, M., (2009). Domestic violence towards women: Denizli case study. Journal of Human Sciences, 6(2), 24-43.
• Kocacık, F., Kutlar, A., & Erselcan, F. (2007). Domestic violence against women: A field study in Turkey. The Social Science Journal, 44(4), 698-720.
• La Mattina, G. (2017). Civil conflict, domestic violence and intra-household bargaining in post-genocide Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics, 124, 168-198.
• McCulloch, R., & Rossi, P. E. (1994). An exact likelihood analysis of the multinomial probit model. Journal of Econometrics, 64(1-2), 207-240.
• Ministry of Family and Social Policies report of Turkey. (2014). Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey.
• Muftuler-Bac, M., & Muftuler, C. (2020). Provocation defence for femicide in Turkey: The interplay of legal argumentation and societal norms. European Journal of Women's Studies, 1(16)
• Naved, R. T., & Persson, L. Å. (2005). Factors associated with spousal physical violence against women in Bangladesh. Studies in family planning, 36(4), 289-300.
• Ogland, E. G., Xu, X., Bartkowski, J. P., & Ogland, C. P. (2014). Intimate partner violence against married women in Uganda. Journal of family violence, 29(8), 869-879.
• Özyurt, B. C., & Deveci, A. (2010). Manisa’da kırsal bir bölgedeki 15-49 yaş evli kadınlarda depresif belirti yaygınlığı ve aile içi şiddetle ilişkisi. Türk psikiyatri dergisi, 21(1), 1-7.
• Pal, S. (2019). Culture counters Male-Backlash: Causal evidence from India's Northeast.
• Paul, S. (2016). Women’s labour force participation and domestic violence: Evidence from India. Journal of South Asian Development, 11(2), 224-250.
• Richardson, J. O., Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Chung, W. S., Moorey, S., & Feder, G. (2002). Identifying domestic violence: cross sectional study in primary care. Bmj, 324(7332), 274.
• Sahin, B., & Dundar, P. E.(2017). Kadına yönelik şiddet ve yaşam kalitesi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3).
• TSI. (2014). The National Research on Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey. https://turkstatweb.tuik.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=KitapDetay&KT_ID=11&KITAP_ID=313
• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2021). Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Labour-Force-Statistics-January-2021-37486&dil=2#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20persons%20in,with%201.2%20percentage%20point%20increase.
• Wahed, T., & Bhuiya, A. (2007). Battered bodies & shattered minds: Violence against women in Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 126(4), 341.
• World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.
• World Health Organization. (2021). Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/violence-info/intimate-partner-violence/
• Yilmaz, O. (2017). Female autonomy, social norms and intimate partner violence against women in Turkey. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(8), 1321-1337.
• Yount, K. M. (2005). Resources, family organization, and domestic violence against married women in Minya, Egypt. Journal of marriage and family, 67(3), 579-596.