Geoffrey Leech’in Anlamlandırmanın Yedi Türü Işığında Uluslararası Af Örgütü’nün İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyaları

Yıl 2022, , 825 - 841, 22.07.2022

Tuğba Baytimur

https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1077706

Öz

İnsan Hakları Bildirgesi uyarınca, dünya genelinde işkence, insan hakları ihlali olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Pek çok ülke, işkenceyi suç olarak kabul etmekte ve çeşitli cezai yaptırımlarla işkencenin önüne geçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun yanında Uluslararası Af Örgütü (Amnesty International, AI) gerçekleştirdiği kampanyalardaki kamu spotları üzerinden işkenceye karşı çeşitli mesajlar vererek, uluslararası kamuoyunda işkenceye karşı farkındalık oluşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmada AI’nin çeşitli ülkelerde gerçekleştirdiği işkence karşıtı kampanyalarda işkencenin engellenmesine yönelik vermek istediği mesajları incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla çalışmada AI’nin işkence karşıtı kampanyalarda kullandığı kamu spotları, İngiliz dilbilimci Geoffrey Leech’in Anlamlandırmanın Yedi Türü (kavramsal, yan, toplumsal, duygusal, yansıtıcı, eşdizimsel ve konusal anlam) üzerinden göstergebilimsel açıdan analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular ışığında işkence karşıtı kampanyalardaki kamu spotlarında yer alan görsel ve yazılı göstergeler üzerinden insanların aktif olarak işkence karşıtı mücadeleye dâhil olmasıyla işkencenin önlenebileceğine yönelik mesajların verildiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu şekilde AI’nin gerçekleştirdiği kampanyalar üzerinden uluslararası kamuoyunda işkence karşıtı aktivistlerin sayısının arttırılmaya çalışıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşkence, İşkence, Kampanya, Kamu Spotu, İnsan Hakları, Aktivizm.

Amnesty International's Campaigns Against Torture in Light of Geoffrey Leech's Seven Types of Meaning

Öz

Torture is considered a violation of human rights worldwide according to the Declaration of Human Rights. Many countries accept torture as a crime and aim to prevent torture with various penal sanctions. In addition, Amnesty International (AI) tries to raise awareness against torture in the international public opinion by giving various messages against torture through public service announcements in its campaigns. In the study, the messages that AI wanted to give for the prevention of torture in the anti-torture campaigns carried out in various countries. For this purpose, the public service announcements used by AI in anti-torture campaigns were analyzed semiotically through British linguist Geoffrey Leech's Seven Types of Meaning (conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative, thematic meaning) in this study. In the light of the findings obtained within the scope of the study, it was revealed that messages that torture can be prevented by actively participating in the anti-torture struggle through the visual and written indicators in the public service announcements in the anti-torture campaigns. In this way, it was concluded that the number of anti-torture activists in the international community is sought to be increased through the campaigns carried out by AI.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Activism., Torture, Campaign, Public Service Announcement, Human Rights

Kaynakça

• ADS. (2008a). AI’nin Fransa Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_swimming adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2008b). AI’nin Şili Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_picture_1 adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2013a). AI’nin Arjantin Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_engraving adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2013b). AI’nin Birleşik Krallık Şubesi İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_waterboarding adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2015a). AI’nin Belçika Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı Birinci Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_signatures_against_torture_3 adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2015b). AI’nin Belçika Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı İkinci Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_bar adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2015c). AI’nin Norveç Şubesi’nin İşkence Karşıtı Kampanyası. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/amnesty_international_stop_torture_2 adresinden alındı
• ADS. (2022). Uluslararası Af Örgütü’nün Kampanyaları. 02 20, 2022 tarihinde https://www.adsoftheworld.com/taxonomy/brand/amnesty_international adresinden alındı
• Agger, I. (1989). Sexual torture of political prisoners: An overview. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00976234
• Allhoff, F. (2003). Terrorism and torture. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 17(1), 121–134.
• Allodi, F., & Stiasny, S. (1990). Women as torture victims. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379003500207
• Amnesty. (2022). İşkence. 02 24, 2022 tarihinde https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/torture/ adresinden alındı
• Baehr, P. R. (1994). Amnesty International and its Self-Imposed Limited Mandate. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/016934419401200102
• Bellamy, A. J. (2006). No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror. International Affairs, 82(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00518.x
• Benjamin, A. J. (2016). Right-wing authoritarianism and attitudes. Social Behavior and Personality, 44(6). https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.6.881
• Carinci, A. J., Mehta, P., & Christo, P. J. (2010). Chronic pain in torture victims. Current Pain and Headache Reports, Vol. 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-010-0101-2
• Chester, B. (1992). Women and political torture: Work with refugee survivors in exile. Women and Therapy, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1300/J015V13N03_03
• Chilton, A. S., & Versteeg, M. (2015). The failure of constitutional torture prohibitions. Journal of Legal Studies, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1086/684298
• Cohen, I. M., & Corrado, R. R. (2005). State torture in the contemporary world. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715205054472
• Conrad, C. R., Hill, D. W., & Moore, W. H. (2018). Torture and the limits of democratic institutions. Journal of Peace Research, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317711240
• Einolf, C. J. (2007). The fall and rise of torture: A comparative and historical analysis. Sociological Theory, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x
• Fleay, C. (2012). Transnational activism, amnesty international and human rights in China: The implications of consistent civil and political rights framing. International Journal of Human Rights, 16(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2011.635340
• Gagarin, M. (1996). The torture of slaves in Athenian law. Classical Philology, Vol. 91. https://doi.org/10.1086/367489
• Gallagher, N. (2005). Amnesty International and the Idea of Muslim Women’s Human Rights. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1215/15525864-2005-4005
• Gallagher, S. V. Z., & Coetzee, J. M. (1988). Torture and the Novel: J. M. Coetzee’s “Waiting for the Barbarians.” Contemporary Literature, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/1208441
• Goodliffe, J., & Hawkins, D. G. (2006). Explaining commitment: States and the Convention Against Torture. Journal of Politics, Vol. 68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00412.x
• Gray, A. E. L. (2001). The body remembers: Dance/movement therapy with an adult survivor of torture. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010780306585
• Gronke, P., Rejali, D., Drenguis, D., Hicks, J., Miller, P., & Nakayama, B. (2010). U.S. public opinion on torture, 2001-2009. PS - Political Science and Politics, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096510000697
• Kälin, W. (1998). The struggle against torture. International Review of the Red Cross, 38(324). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400091233
• Kelly, T. (2019). The struggle against torture: Challenges, assumptions and new directions. Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz019
• Knox, B. L., Starling, S. P., Feldman, K. W., Kellogg, N. D., Frasier, L. D., & Tiapula, S. L. (2014). Child torture as a form of child abuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-014-0009-9
• Kutz, C. (2014). How norms die: Torture and assassination in American security policy. Ethics and International Affairs, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679414000598
• Leech, G. (1985). Semantics The Study of Meaning (Second edition). Great Britain: Penguin Books.
• Linklater, A. (2007). Torture and Civilisation. International Relations, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117807073771 Loureiro, S. M. C., Sarmento, E. M., & Galelo, J. (2018). Exploring sources and outcomes of trust and commitment to nonprofit organizations: The case of Amnesty International Portugal. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 23(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1598
• Macintyre, A. (2020). Adaption to data-driven practices in civil society organizations: A case study of Amnesty International. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1710645
• Martens, K. (2006). Institutionalizing societal activism within global governance structures: Amnesty International and the United Nations system. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800104
• Montgomery, E., Krogh, Y., Jacobsen, A., & Lukman, B. (1992). Children of torture victims: Reactions and coping. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(92)90082-3
• Mooney, A. (2018). Torture Laid Bare: Global English and Human Rights. In Minimal English for a Global World. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62512-6_7
• Murphy, F., & Ruane, B. (2003). Amnesty International and human rights education. Child Care in Practice, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/1357527032000169054
• Pfiffner, J. P. (2005). Torture and Public Policy. Public Integrity, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2005.11051284
• Russell, J. M. (2002). The ambivalence about the globalization of telecommunications: The story of Amnesty International, Shell Oil Company and Nigeria. Journal of Human Rights, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830210156625
• Scoble, H. M., & Wiseberg, L. S. (1974). Human Rights and Amnesty International. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 413(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627441300103
• Sironi, F., & Branche, R. (2002). Torture and the borders of humanity. International Social Science Journal, 54(174). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00408
• Sithole, K. (2016). NGO-IGO Relations: Amnesty International, Council of Europe, and Abolition of the Death Penalty. Global Governance, 22(1), 79–97.
• Spjut, R. J. (1979). Torture Under the European Convention on Human Rights. American Journal of International Law, 73(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/s000293000010764x
• Thakur, R. (1994). Human Rights: Amnesty International and the United Nations. Journal of Peace Research, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343394031002003
• Thomsen, A. B., Eriksen, J., & Smidt-Nielsen, K. (2000). Chronic pain in torture survivors. Forensic Science International, 108(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00209-1
• Ulltveit-Moe, T. (2006). Amnesty International and Indigenous Rights: Congruence or Conflict? American Indian Law Review, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/20070805
• Vestergaard, A. (2008). Humanitarian branding and the media. Journal of Language and Politics, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.7.3.07ves
• Wallace, G. P. R. (2013). International law and public attitudes toward torture: An experimental study. International Organization, 67(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818312000343
• Waston, E. A. (1997). Amnesty International and Women’s Human Rights: an Organisational Dilemma. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/1323238X.1997.11910985