Medya, Siyaset ve Demokrasi: Eleştirel Bir Perspektif

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 479 - 492, 30.07.2018

Ekmel Geçer

https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.421475

Öz

Bu makale, genelde teorik bağlamda olmak üzere, demokrasi, medya ve siyaset ile
ilgili tartışmalara yoğunlaşmaktadır. Demokrasi, medya ve siyaset ve medyanın
demokrasi ile ilişkisine dair yaklaşımlara ait genel bir değerlendirme sunduktan
sonra, çalışma, bu ilişkinin genel görünümünü ve demokratik gelişimde medyanın
nasıl işlemesi gerektiğini göstermeye çalışmaktadır. Makalenin sonunda, yine daha
net bir bakış açısına sahip olmak için, haber hikayelerinin üretilmesi süreci; gündem
oluşturma, kamuoyu yaratma ve siyasal yaklaşım inşa etme unsur olması açısından
ele alınmaktadır.
Burada, özellikle medya ve demokrasi arasındaki ilişki, medya kanallarının
demokrasinin daha iyi bir biçimde işlemesi için sahip oldukları öneme vurgu yapmak
için irdelenmiştir. Sosyal konsensüs ve gündem oluşturmanın temel aktörleri olması
açısından basın ve politika arasındaki bağ incelenirken, medyanın, kurumsal ve dış
faktörlerin de etkisiyle kamuoyu ve ideoloji oluşturmadaki rolü tartışılmış, böylece
Türkiye’deki medya ve demokrasi tartışmaları daha detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve
siyaset ile ilişkisi değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Medya, Türkiye, Demokrasi, Siyaset, Gündem Oluşturma

Media, Politics and Democracy: A Critical Perspective

Öz

This article, mostly through a theoretical background, focuses on general debates
of democracy, media and politics. Giving insights regarding overall perspectives
of democracy, media-democracy and politics relationship, the study tries to
demonstrate the view of this interaction and how media should function in a
democratic development. At the end, again to have a clearer point of view, this article
tackles construction of the news stories as being matter of structuring agendabuilding,
public opinion and political perspectives through the news media.
Here particularly media and democracy relationship will be tried to be examined
giving the importance of the media courses for democracy to function in a proper
way. While examining the press and politics linkage as being the main actors to set
up the daily agenda and a social consensus; the role of the media in shaping the
public opinion and the ideology both through external or/and internal (institutional)
motives have been tried to be discussed to better debate the media problems and
examine their relationship with the politics especially in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Media, Turkey, Democracy, Politics, Agenda Setting

Kaynakça

• Arikan, N. (2011). 28 Subat Surecinde Medya (Media in 28 February Process). Istanbul: Okur Kitapligi.
• Balcytiene, A. (2012). “Culture as a Guide in Theoretical Explorations of Baltic Media”, in Hallin, D. C. and Mancini, P. (eds), Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, pp. 51-71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Baran, S. J. and Davis, K. D. (2010). Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. Boston: Wadsworth.
• Barnett, B. and Reynolds, A. (2009). Terrorism and the Press: An Uneasy Relationship. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
• Behrouzi, M. (2006). Democracy as the Political Empowerment of the People: The Betrayal of an Ideal. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Bourrie, M. (2012). The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada’s Media in World War Two. Vancouver: Douglas & Mclntyre.
• Briggs, A., & Burke, P. (2009). A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Malden: Polity.
• Chomsky, N. and Herman, E. (1995). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. London: Vintage.
• Cohen, B. C. (1963). The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Comstock, G. A., & Scharrer, E. (2008). The Psychology of Media and Politics. Paris: Elsevier.
• Cook, F. L., Tom, R. T., Edward G. G., Margaret, T. G., Protess, D., Donna, R. L., and Harvey, L. Molotch (1983). “Media and agenda setting: Effects on the public, interest group leaders, policy makers and policy”, Opinion Quarterly, 47.1: pp. 16-35.
• Curran, and Seaton, J. (2010). Power without Responsibility: The Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain. London: Routledge.
• Curran, J., Aaalberg, T. and Aelst, P. (2010). “Media Systems and the Political Information Environment: A Cross-National Comparison”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15.3: pp. 255-271.
• Denhart, R. B., Denhart, J. V. And Balanc, T. (2013). Public Administration: An Action Orientation. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.
• Eide, E., & Nikunen, K. (2011). Media in Motion: Cultural Complexity and Migration in the Nordic Region. New York: Routledge.
• Elkon, Y. B. (2007). “Studying the Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy in International Crises: The United States and the Bosnian Crisis, 1992–1995”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 12.4: 20-51.
• Erdin, M. (2010). Silahsız Kuvvetler Medya (Unarmed Forces Media). Istanbul: Destek.
• Estrada, G. and McCombs, M. E. (1997). “The News Media and the Pictures in Our Heads”, in Iyengar, S. and Reeves, R. (eds), Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters and Reporters in America, p. 237-247. London: Sage.
• Ewoh, A. I. E. (2004). “The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Public Policy in Africa”, in Kalu, K. A. (eds), Agenda Setting and Public Policy in Africa, pp. 229-238. Burlington: Ashgate.
• Farnsworth, M. S. and Lichter, S. R. (2008). “Media Coverage of US Elections: Persistence of Tradition”, in Strömbäck, J. and Kaid, L. L. (eds), The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World, pp. 21-40. New York: Routledge.
• Fortunato, J. A. (2008). Making Media Content: The Influence of Constituency Groups on Mass Media. New Jersey: Lawrence Publishers.
• Gecer, E. (2017). Citizen Journalism and Democracy: The 15th July Coup Attempt in Turkey. International scientific journal of media, communication, journalism and public relations, 43-64.
• Geer, J. G. (2004). Public Opinion and Polling around the World: A Historical Encyclopaedia. California: ABC-CLIO.
• Grynaviski, J. (2010). Partisan Bonds: Political Reputations and Legislative Accountability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hare, I. and Weinstein, J. (2009). Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Himelboim, I. and Limor, Y. (2008). “Media perception of freedom of the press: A comparative international analysis of 242 codes of ethics”, Journalism, 9.3: pp. 235-265.
• Hrebenar, R. J., & Scott, R. (1997). Interest Group Politics in America. New York: Routledge.
• Kaid, L. L. (2004). Handbook of Political Communication Research. New York: Routledge.
• Kalyango, Y. and Eckler, P. (2010). “Media performance, Agenda Building and Democratisation in East Africa” in Salmon, C. T. (eds), Communication Yearbook 34, pp. 355-390. New York: Routledge.
• Karklins, J, Baydar, Y., Zlatev, O. and Turtia, T. (2011). Professional Journalism and SelfRegulation: New Media, Old Dilemmas in South-East Europe. Paris: UNESCO.
• Keane, J. (1991). Media and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Kellner, D. (2009). “Media Industries. Political Economy and Media/Cultural Studies”, in Media Industries: History, Theory, and Method, pp. 95-107. Sussex: Blackwell.
• Krauss, E. S. (2000). “Japan: News and Politics in a Media-Saturated”, in Gunther, R. and Mughan, A. (eds), Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective, pp. 266-302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Looise, J. K., Torka, N. and Wigboldus, J. E. (2011). “Understanding Worker Participation and Organisational Performance at the firm Level: In search for an Integrated Model”, in Lewin, D., Kaufman, B. and Golla, J. P. (eds), Advances in Industrial and Labour Relations. Bingley: Emerald.
• McCombe, M., Einsiedel, E. and Weaver, D. H. (1991). Contemporary Public Opinion: Issues and the News. New York: Routledge.
• McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• McCombs, M. E. and Bell, T. (2008). “The Agenda-Setting Role of Mass Communication”, in Stacks, D.W. and Salwen, M. B. (eds), An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, pp. 90-105. London: Routledge.
• Meryl, A. (2007). Understanding the Local Media. Berkshire: Open University Press.
• Miles, J. A. (2012). Management and Organization Theory: A Jossey-Bass Reader. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
• Nawawy, M. and Powers, S. (2010). “Al-Jazeera English: A conciliatory medium in a conflict-driven environment?” Global Media and Communication, 6.1: pp. 61-84.
• Oegema, D., Kleinnijenhuis, J., Anderson, K. and Hoof, A. V. (2008). “Flaming and Blaming: The Influence of Mass Media Content on Interactions in Online Discussions”, in Konjin, A. E., Utz, S., Barnes, S. B. and Tanis, M. (eds), Mediated Interpersonal Communication, pp. 331-358. Oxon: Routledge.
• Onis, Z. (1999). “Turkey, Europe, and Paradoxes of Identity: Perspectives on the International Context of Democratization”, Mediterranean Quarterly, 10.3: pp. 107-136.
• Parsemain, A. L. (2016). To Educate and Entertain: Representation of Learning in the Australian Version of Who Do You Think You Are? in M. Readman, Teaching and Learning on Screen: Mediated Pedagogies (pp. 151-169). London: Palgrave.
• Peterson, T., Siebert, F. S. and Schramm, W. (1963). Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should be and Do. USA: University of Illinois Press.
• R., B. P. (2017). Political Internet: State and Politics in the Age of Social Media. London: Routledge.
• Rawnsley, G. and Gong, Q. (2012). “Political Communication in Democratic Taiwan: The Relationship between Politicians and Journalists” in Tang, W. and Lyenger, S. (eds), Political Communication in China Media, pp. 63-80. Oxon: Routledge.
• Raycheva, L. (2009). “The Challenge of ICT to Media Pluralism” in Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (eds), Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions, pp. 75-90. Bristol: Intellect Books.
• Reljic, D. (2006). “Media, Civil Society and the Quest of transparency and Accountability of the Security Sector”, in Caparini, M., Fluri, P. and Molnar, F. (eds), Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, pp. 71-82. London: Transaction Publishers.
• Rhodes, R. and Weler, P. (2005). “Westminster transplanted and Westminster Implanted: Exploring Political Change” in Patapan, H., Wanna, J. and Weller, P. M. (eds), Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific, pp. 1-12. Sydney: University of South Wales.
• Rogers, E. M. and Dearing, J. W. (2012). “Agenda-Setting Research: Where it has been, where it is going?” in Anderson, J. A. (eds), Communication Yearbook 11, pp. 555-594. New York: Routledge.
• Romano, A. (2013). Politics and the Press in Indonesia: Understanding an Evolving Political Culture. London: Routledge.
• Roselli, D. K. (2011). Theatre of the People: Spectators and Society in Ancient Athens. Texas: University of Texas Press.
• Schatz, S. S. and Rexach, J. J. (1963). Conceptual Structure and Social Change: The Ideological Architecture of Democratisation. Westport: Greenwood.
• Schwok, R. (2009). Switzerland - European Union: An Impossible Membership? Brussels: Peter Lang.
• Scullion, R., Gerodimos, R., Jackson, D., & Lilleker, D. (2013). The Media, Political Participation and Empowerment. Oxon: Routledge.
• Shoemaker, P. J. and Reese, S. (2013). Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. London: Routledge.
• Smith, G. A. (2010). Politics in the Parish: The Political Influence of Catholic Priests. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
• Soha, M. E. and Peake, J. S. (2011). Breaking Through the Noise: Presidential Leadership, Public Opinion, and the News Media. California: Stanford University Press.
• Steady, F. C. (2006). Women and Collective Action in Africa. New York: Palgrave.
• Steinberg, S. (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Cape Town: Juta & Co.
• Stockman, D. and Gallagher, M. (2011). “Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China”, Comparative Political Studies, 44.4: 436-467.
• Streb, M. (2011). Rethinking American Electoral Democracy. New York: Routledge.
• Strom, K., Muller, W. C. and Bergman, T. (2006). “The Moral Hazards of Parliamentary Democracy”, in Gilardi, F. and Braun, D. (eds), Delegation in Contemporary Democracies, pp. 27-51. London: Routledge.
• Stromback, J. and Kaid, L. L. (2008). The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World. New York: Routledge.
• TESEV (2013). Piyasa, Iktidar ve Sahiplik Kiskacinda Medya: Türkiye’nin Basin Özgürlüğü Sorunu (Media in the Circle of Market, Government and Ownership: The Press Freedom Problem of Turkey). Istanbul: TESEV.
• Walgrave, S. and Aelst, P. V. (2006). “The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power. Towards a Preliminary Theory”, Journal of Communication, 56.1: pp. 88-109.
• Walgrave, S. and Aelst, P. V. (2011). “Minimal or Massive? The Political Agenda-Setting Power of the Mass Media According to Different Methods”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16.3: pp. 295-313.
• Warzocha, A. (2012). “Popular Initiatives in Poland: Citizen’s Empowerment or Keeping Up Appearances?” in Setala, M. and Schiller, T. (eds), Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe: Procedures and Consequences of Agenda by Citizens, pp. 212-227. Hampshire: Palgrave.
• Wimmer, J., Wallner, C., Winter, R., & Oelsner, K. (2016). (Mis)Understanding Political Participation: Digital Practices, New Forms of Participation and the Renewal of Democracy. Oxon: Routledge.
• Wind, M., Martinsen, S. and Rotger, G. P. (2009). “The Uneven Legal Push for Europe: Questioning Variation when National Courts go to Europe”, European Union Politics, 10.1: pp. 63-88.
• Windsch, U. (2008). “Daily political communication and argumentation in direct democracy: Advocates and opponents of nuclear energy”, Discourse & Society, 19.1: pp. 85-98.