Immersive Journalism: Changing Roles, Values and Norms

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 963 - 980, 30.07.2023

Zuhal Demir

https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1273437

Öz

Immersive journalism, which was introduced to make the news interesting again for readers who have lost their trust and interest in the news, is an emotion-oriented journalism field that makes use of virtual reality technology. It is aimed to create a sense of presence in immersive journalism, which allows individuals to create empathy with the content they produce and to experience events 'as if they were there', and it is claimed that audience participation can be increased. The aim of this study, which deals with the basic features of the immersive journalism genre, the changing role of journalists and ethical norms, is to provide information about immersive journalism and to create a theoretical background for future research on the subject. The results obtained from the literature review show that journalistic roles in immersive journalism are realized within the framework of the diffusion model and infotainment journalism, while news values are limited to a few values that focus on dramatic issues. Another remarkable result obtained within the scope of the study was related to the intentions of journalists engaged in immersive journalism. In this new type of journalism, the intention of the content creators is very important. In line with what has been stated, it is necessary to give importance to the concept of emotional literacy in order to understand immersive journalism in a healthy way and to keep the negative aspects that this type of journalism has experienced or will experience at a minimum level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Immersive journalism, virtual reality, journalistic roles, news values, empathy

Sürükleyici Gazetecilik: Değişen Roller, Değerler ve Normlar

Öz

Habere olan güvenini ve ilgisini yitirmiş okurlar için haberleri tekrar ilgi çekici hale getirmek amacıyla ortaya konulan sürükleyici gazetecilik, sanal gerçeklik teknolojisinden yararlanan duygu odaklı bir habercilik alanıdır. Ürettiği içeriklerle empati oluşturmasına ve bireylerin olayları ‘oradaymış gibi’ deneyimlemesine olanak tanıyan sürükleyici gazetecilikte bir mevcudiyet hissi yaşatmak hedeflenmekte ve böylece izleyici katılımının artırılabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Sürükleyici gazetecilik türünün temel özellikleri, gazetecilerin değişen rolü ve etik normları konu edinen bu çalışmanın amacı, sürükleyici gazetecilik hakkında bilgi vermek ve konuyla ilgili yapılacak gelecek araştırmalar için teorik bir alt yapı oluşturmaktır. Literatür taraması ile elde edilen sonuçlar, sürükleyici gazetecilikte gazetecilik rollerinin yayıcı model ve bilgi-eğlence haberciliği çerçevesinde gerçekleştiğini, haber değerlerinin ise dramatik konulara ağırlık veren az sayıda değerle sınırlandığını göstermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bir diğer dikkat çekici sonuç ise sürükleyici gazetecilik yapan gazetecilerin niyetleriyle ilgili olmuştur. Bu yeni gazetecilik türünde içerik oluşturanların niyeti oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Belirtilenler doğrultusunda sürükleyici gazeteciliğin sağlıklı bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi ve bu gazetecilik türünün yaşadığı/yaşayacağı olumsuz yönleri en düşük seviyede tutabilmek için duygusal okuryazarlık kavramına önem verilmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sürükleyici gazetecilik, sanal gerçeklik, gazetecilik rolleri, haber değerleri, empati

Kaynakça

• Aitamurto, T. (2019). Normative paradoxes in 360 journalism: Contested accuracy and objectivity. New media & society, 21(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818785153
• Baden, D., McIntyre, K., & Homberg, F. (2019). The impact of constructive news on affective and behavioural responses. Journalism studies, 20(13), 1940-1959. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1545599
• Beckett, C., & Deuze, M. (2016). On the role of emotion in the future of journalism. Social media+ society, 2(3), 2056305116662395. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116662395
• Biocca, F., Kim, T., & Levy, M. R. (1995). The vision of virtual reality. F. Biocca & M. Levy (Eds.). İçinde Communication in the age of virtual reality (ss. 3-14).
• Bujic, M., Salminen, M., & Hamari, J. (2021). Effects of immersive media on emotion and memory: An experiment comparing article, 360-video, and virtual reality. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rtmcw
• Çaba, D. (2018). Dijital çağda değişen haber sunumu: Gazetecilikte sanal gerçeklik uygulamaları. Gümüşhane üniversitesi iletişim fakültesi elektronik dergisi, 6(1), 691-723. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.377120
• Goutier, N., De Haan, Y., De Bruin, K., Lecheler, S., & Kruikemeier, S. (2021). From “cool observer” to “emotional participant”: The practice of immersive journalism. Journalism studies, 22(12), 1648-1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1956364
• Greber, H., Lecheler, S., Aaldering, L., De Haan, Y., Kruikemeier, S., Goutier, N., & De Bruin, K. (2023). Feeling the news? The differential effects of immersive journalism on emotional response. Digital journalism, 11(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2155205
• Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news? News values revisited (again). Journalism studies, 18(12), 1470-1488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193
• Hardee, G. M., & McMahan, R. P. (2017). FIJI: A framework for the immersion-journalism intersection. Frontiers in ICT, 4, 21.
• Jones, S. (2017). Disrupting the narrative: İmmersive journalism in virtual reality. Journal of media practice, 18(2-3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1374677
• Jones, S. (2021). It’s not just about empathy: Going beyond the empathy machine in immersive journalism. T. Uskali, A. Gynnild, S. Jones, & E. Sirkkunen (Eds.). İçinde Immersive journalism as storytelling ethics, production, and design (ss. 82-95). Routledge.
• Kang, S., O’Brien, E., Villarreal, A., Lee, W., & Mahood, C. (2019). Immersive journalism and telepresence: Does virtual reality news use affect news credibility? Digital journalism, 7(2), 294-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1504624
• Karlsson, M., & Clerwall, C. (2018). Transparency to the rescue? Evaluating citizens’ views on transparency tools in journalism. Journalism studies, 19(13), 1923-1933. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492882
• Kavner, L. (2012). Hunger In Los Angeles’: Virtual reality makes journalism immersive, pixelated. The Huffington Post. https://www. huffingtonpost. com/entry/hunger-in-los-angeles_n_1241468. html., 9.
• Lecheler, S. (2020). The emotional turn in journalism needs to be about audience perceptions: Commentary-virtual special issue on the emotional turn. Digital journalism, 8(2), 287-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1708766
• Mabrook, R. (2021). Between journalist authorship and user agency: Exploring the concept of objectivity in vr journalism. Journalism studies, 22(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1813619
• McMahan, R. P., Bowman, D. A., Zielinski, D. J., & Brady, R. B. (2012). Evaluating display fidelity and interaction fidelity in a virtual reality game. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 18(4), 626-633. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2012.43
• Mellado, C., & Van Dalen, A. (2014). Between rhetoric and practice: Explaining the gap between role conception and performance in journalism. Journalism studies, 15(6), 859-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.838046
• Okkay, İ. (2023). İletişim kuramları bağlamında metaverse. TRT akademi, 8(17), 8-37. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1198114
• Orgeret, K. S. (2020). Discussing emotions in digital journalism. Digital journalism, 8(2), 292-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1727347
• Parks, P. (2021). Joy is a news value. Journalism studies, 22(6), 820-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1807395
• Peters, C. (2011). Emotion aside or emotional side? Crafting an ‘experience of involvement’in the news. Journalism, 12(3), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884910388224
• Sánchez Laws, A. L. (2020). Can immersive journalism enhance empathy? Digital journalism, 8(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1389286
• Schudson, M. (2003). The sociology of news. J. Alexander (Ed.). İçinde Contemporary societies series. W.W. Norton & Company.
• Tandoc Jr., E. C., & Oh, S.-K. (2017). Small departures, big continuities? Norms, values, and routines in The Guardian’s big data journalism. Journalism studies, 18(8), 997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1104260
• Tokgöz, O. (2012). Temel Gazetecilik. İmge yayınları.
• Uskali, T., & Ikonen, P. (2021). The impact of emotions in immersive journalism. T. Uskali, A. Gynnild, S. Jones, & E. Sirkkunen (Eds.). İçinde Immersive journalism as storytelling (ss. 49-59). Routledge yayınları.
• Varma, A. (2019). When empathy is not enough: The possibilities for solidarity in the San Francisco homeless project. Journalism practice, 13(1), 105-121.
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2019). Emotions, media and politics. John wiley & sons yayınları.
• Wu, S. (2022). Journalism’s immersive shift: Uncovering immersive journalism’s adherence to traditional news values, norms, routines and roles. Journalism practice, 0(0), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2133779