Global commercial aviation policies in the context of the climate crisis and an analysis of these approaches from the perspective of Türkiye

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 227 - 240, 30.09.2022

Selçuk Gürçam

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1113781

Cited By: 2

Öz

The climate crisis is becoming more visible day by day and is affecting the ecological system more and more. However, despite such a visible threat and its severe effects, efforts at the national and international levels are far from tackling the climate crisis. Especially with its rapid growth and ever-increasing emission rates, the commercial aviation sector remains inadequate in combating the climate crisis. This study discusses the global and Turkish commercial aviation sectors’ struggles with the climate crisis. As a result, both international and domestic commercial aviation sectors follow an unrealistic attitude in the fight against the climate crisis, and there is still a long way to go.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate crisis, commercial aviation sector, Turkish aviation sector, United Nations, Paris Aggreement

Kaynakça

• ACI Europe. (2020). European airports report slower passenger growth & declining freight in 2019. https://www.aci-europe.org/media-room/235-european-airports-report-slower-passenger-growth-declining-freight-in-2019.html
• Ahmad, S., & Xu, B. (2021). A cognitive mapping approach to analyse stakeholders’ perspectives on sustainable aviation fuels. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 100, 103076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103076
• Airbus. (2020). Airbus reveals new zero-emission concept aircraft. https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/d82a792c20d166f4700d20c013fead8a_EN-Airbus-unveils-ZEA-concepts.pdf
• Airbus. (2021). How to store liquid hydrogen for zero-emission flight. https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/news/2021-12-how-to-store-liquid-hydrogen-for-zero-emission-flight
• Altus, S. (2009). AERO - Effective Flight Plans Can Help Airlines Economize. Boeing. https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_03_09/article_08_1.html
• Anger, A. (2010). Including aviation in the European emissions trading scheme: Impacts on the industry, CO2 emissions and macroeconomic activity in the EU. Journal of Air Transport Management, 16(2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2009.10.009
• Anger, A., & Köhler, J. (2010). Including aviation emissions in the EU ETS: Much ado about nothing? A review. Transport Policy, 17(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.10.010
• Aro, E.-M. (2016). From first generation biofuels to advanced solar biofuels. Ambio, 45(S1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0730-0
• ATAG. (2011). Powering the future of flight The six easy steps to growing a viable aviation biofuels industry. https://seors.unfccc.int/applications/seors/attachments/get_attachment?code=GRPR31ZA287D3KAP5XOXQO2WP1JE9SQQ
• Atmosfair. (2021). Criticism of CORSIA, the aviation industry’s offsetting scheme. https://www.atmosfair.de/en/criticism-of-corsia-aviation-offsetting-scheme/
• Baroutaji, A., Wilberforce, T., Ramadan, M., & Olabi, A. G. (2019). Comprehensive investigation on hydrogen and fuel cell technology in the aviation and aerospace sectors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 106, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.022
• Berseneff, B., Fiette, S., & Van, A.-L. B. (2021). A reduced battery system model and sizing algorithm for future hybrid electric airplanes architectures studies. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
• Bicer, Y., & Dincer, I. (2017). Life cycle evaluation of hydrogen and other potential fuels for aircrafts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(16), 10722–10738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.119
• Boehm, R. C., Scholla, L. C., & Heyne, J. S. (2021). Sustainable alternative fuel effects on energy consumption of jet engines. Fuel, 304, 121378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121378
• Capoccitti, S., Khare, A., & Mildenberger, U. (2010). Aviation Industry - Mitigating Climate Change Impacts through Technology and Policy. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 5(2), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242010000200006
• Chiaramonti, D., Talluri, G., Vourliotakis, G., Testa, L., Prussi, M., & Scarlat, N. (2021). Can Lower Carbon Aviation Fuels (LCAF) Really Complement Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) towards EU Aviation Decarbonization? Energies, 14(19), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196430
• Ching, Y. M. (2021). My Say: Getting the aviation industry to act on climate change. https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/my-say-getting-aviation-industry-act-climate-change
• CJEU. (2011). Court of Justice of the European Union. C-366/10. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-366/10
• Colantuono, R. (2021). Market-based measures and aviation sustainability in the European Union: an assessment. http://www.sustainability-seeds.org/papers/RePec/srt/wpaper/0921.pdf
• Crook, J. R. (2008). Possible Looming Conflict with EU Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Civil Aviation; United States Prefers ICAO Action. American Journal of International Law, 102(1), 171–173.
• DEHSt. (2012). Allocation of Emission Allowances to Aircraft Operators for Trading Periods 2012 and 2013-2020. https://www.dehst.de/SharedDocs/downloads/EN/aircraft-operators/Aviation_Allocation_report.pdf
• Demailly, D., & Quirion, P. (2008). European Emission Trading Scheme and competitiveness: A case study on the iron and steel industry. Energy Economics, 30(4), 2009–2027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.01.020
• Efthymiou, M., & Papatheodorou, A. (2019). EU Emissions Trading scheme in aviation: Policy analysis and suggestions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117734
• EIA. (2021). Biomass explained. U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/
• Engels, A. (2009). The European Emissions Trading Scheme: An exploratory study of how companies learn to account for carbon. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3–4), 488–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2008.08.005
• EUR-Lex. (2013). Decision No 377/2013/EU Of The European Parliament and Of The Council. The European Parliament and The Council Of The European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013D0377
• European Commission. (2019). Taxes in the Field of Aviation and their impact. https://bevarjordforbindelsen.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/EURapportjuni2019.pdf
• European Commission. (2022a). Aviation and the EU ETS. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal/aviation-and-eu-ets_en
• European Commission. (2022b). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en
• Ganguly, I., Pierobon, F., Bowers, T. C., Huisenga, M., Johnston, G., & Eastin, I. L. (2018). ‘Woods-to-Wake’ Life Cycle Assessment of residual woody biomass based jet-fuel using mild bisulfite pretreatment. Biomass and Bioenergy, 108, 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.10.041
• General Directorate of Civil Aviation. (2014). 2013 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/4006-faaliyet-raporlarimiz
• General Directorate of Civil Aviation. (2015). 2014 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/4006-faaliyet-raporlarimiz
• General Directorate of Civil Aviation. (2017). 2016 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/4006-faaliyet-raporlarimiz
• General Directorate of Civil Aviation. (2020). 2019 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/4006-faaliyet-raporlarimiz
• González, R., & Hosoda, E. B. (2016). Environmental impact of aircraft emissions and aviation fuel tax in Japan. Journal of Air Transport Management, 57, 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.08.006
• Gürçam, S. (2021). İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadele Çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin Sivil Havacılık Emisyonlarının: Uluslararası Sözleşmeler ve Uygulamalar Açısından Analizi. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl Üniversitesi.
• Gürçam, S. (2022). The Neoliberal Initiative of the Aviation Industry to Fight the Climate Crisis: Greenwashing. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1083921
• Han, H., Chua, B.-L., & Hyun, S. S. (2020). Consumers’ intention to adopt eco-friendly electric airplanes: The moderating role of perceived uncertainty of outcomes and attachment to eco-friendly products. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(9), 671–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2019.1607957
• Han, H., Lee, M. J., Chua, B.-L., & Kim, W. (2019). Triggers of traveler willingness to use and recommend eco-friendly airplanes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.01.001
• Han, H., Yu, J., & Kim, W. (2019). Investigating airline customers’ decision-making process for emerging environmentally-responsible electric airplanes: Influence of gender and age. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.013
• Hoelzen, J., Silberhorn, D., Zill, T., Bensmann, B., & Hanke-Rauschenbach, R. (2022). Hydrogen-powered aviation and its reliance on green hydrogen infrastructure – Review and research gaps. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(5), 3108–3130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.239
• Hoffmann, V. H., Trautmann, T., & Schneider, M. (2008). A taxonomy for regulatory uncertainty—application to the European Emission Trading Scheme. Environmental Science & Policy, 11(8), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.07.001
• IATA. (2015). Sustainable Aviation Fuel Roadmap. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/d13875e9ed784f75bac90f000760e998/safr-1-2015.pdf
• ICAO. (2016). ICAO Environmental Report 2016 Aviation And Climate Change. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/pages/env2016.aspx
• ICAO. (2018). Presentation of 2018 Air Transport statistical results. https://www.icao.int/annual-report-2018/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2018-statistical-results.aspx
• ICAO. (2019). Presentation of 2019 Air Transport statistical results. https://www.icao.int/annual-report-2019/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2019-statistical-results.aspx
• ICAO. (2021). Over 100 States now participate in ICAO’s Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/Over-100-States-now-participate-in-ICAOs-Carbon-Offsetting-and-Reduction-Scheme-for-International-Aviation-CORSIA.aspx
• ICAO. (2022). Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/pages/SAF.aspx
• International Energy Agency. (2021). Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
• IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change Summary for Policymakers. https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf
• Jain, I. P. (2009). Hydrogen the fuel for 21st century. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(17), 7368–7378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.093
• Lai, Y. Y., Christley, E., Kulanovic, A., Teng, C. C., Björklund, A., Nordensvärd, J., Karakaya, E., & Urban, F. (2022). Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156, 111972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111972
• Larsson, J., Elofsson, A., Sterner, T., & Åkerman, J. (2019). International and national climate policies for aviation: a review. Climate Policy, 19(6), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1562871
• Leggett, J. A., Elias, B., & Shedd, D. T. (2012). Aviation and the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R42392.pdf
• Liao, W., Fan, Y., & Wang, C. (2022). How does COVID-19 affect the implementation of CORSIA? Journal of Air Transport Management, 99, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102180
• Lyle, C. (2018). Beyond the icao’s corsia: Towards a More Climatically Effective Strategy for Mitigation of Civil-Aviation Emissions. Climate Law, 8(1–2), 104–127. https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00801004
• Mai, D. T. T. (2021). Revising the EU ETS and CORSIA in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges for reducing global aviation emissions. Climate Policy, 21(10), 1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1966358
• Malina, R., McConnachie, D., Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Paltsev, S., & Waitz, I. A. (2012). The impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on US aviation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 19, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.004
• Mazraati, M., & Alyousif, O. M. (2009). Aviation fuel demand modelling in OECD and developing countries: impacts of fuel efficiency. OPEC Energy Review, 33(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0237.2009.00161.x
• Meleo, L. (2014). On the determinants of industrial competitiveness: The European Union emission trading scheme and the Italian paper industry. Energy Policy, 74, 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.06.030
• Milliyet News. (2022). THY çevreci yakıtla uçuşa geçti. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/ekonomi/thy-cevreci-yakitla-ucusa-gecti-6693109
• Miyoshi, C. (2014). Assessing the equity impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme on an African airline. Transport Policy, 33, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.010
• Mohammadi, F. (2018). Research in the Past, Present and Future Solar Electric Aircraf. Journal of Solar Energy Research (JSER), 3(3), 237–248.
• Mohr, A., & Raman, S. (2013). Lessons from first generation biofuels and implications for the sustainability appraisal of second generation biofuels. Energy Policy, 63, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.033
• Nippon Communications Foundation. (2021). Japan to End Aviation Fuel Tax Cut as Coronavirus Reflief. https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021120400367/
• Niranjan, A., & Schacht, K. (2021). CORSIA: World’s biggest plan to make flying green “too broken to fix.” https://www.dw.com/en/corsia-climate-flying-emissions-offsets/a-56309438
• Pegasus Airlines. (2020). Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı Anonim Şirketi Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik Raporu 2020. https://www.pegasusyatirimciiliskileri.com/medium/image/pgsus-2020-surdurulebilirlik-raporu_1070/view.aspx
• Qiu, R., Xu, J., Xie, H., Zeng, Z., & Lv, C. (2020). Carbon tax incentive policy towards air passenger transport carbon emissions reduction. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102441
• Rogge, K. S., Schneider, M., & Hoffmann, V. H. (2011). The innovation impact of the EU Emission Trading System — Findings of company case studies in the German power sector. Ecological Economics, 70(3), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.032
• Scheelhaase, J., Maertens, S., & Grimme, W. (2021). Options for improving the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for aviation. Transportation Research Procedia, 59, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.111
• Scheelhaase, J., Maertens, S., Grimme, W., & Jung, M. (2018). EU ETS versus CORSIA – A critical assessment of two approaches to limit air transport’s CO 2 emissions by market-based measures. Journal of Air Transport Management, 67, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.11.007
• Schinas, O., & Bergmann, N. (2021). Emissions trading in the aviation and maritime sector: Findings from a revised taxonomy. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, 1, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2021.100003
• Seber, G., Malina, R., Pearlson, M. N., Olcay, H., Hileman, J. I., & Barrett, S. R. H. (2014). Environmental and economic assessment of producing hydroprocessed jet and diesel fuel from waste oils and tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy, 67, 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.04.024
• Sharma, A., Jakhar, S. K., & Choi, T.-M. (2021). Would CORSIA implementation bring carbon neutral growth in aviation? A case of US full service carriers. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 97, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102839
• Solomon, B. D. (2010). Biofuels and sustainability. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1185(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05279.x
• Stay Grounded. (2021). The Troubling Story of Aviation‘s Greenwashing - Stay Grounded. https://stay-grounded.org/the-troubling-story-of-aviations-greenwashing/
• Thinktech. (2021). Sivil Havacılıkta Yakıt Verimliliği. https://thinktech.stm.com.tr/uploads/docs/1616230696_stm-sivil-havacilik-yakit-verimliligi.pdf?
• Timperley, J. (2019). Airlines around the world have recently begun to monitor their CO2 emissions as part of a UN climate deal. Carbon Brief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/corsia-un-plan-to-offset-growth-in-aviation-emissions-after-2020
• Trt News. (2021). Türk Hava Yolları ilk kez çevreci yakıt kullanacak. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/turk-hava-yollari-ilk-kez-cevreci-yakit-kullanacak-640778.html
• Turkish Airlines. (2016). Faaliyet Raporu. https://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/ThyInvestorRelations/THY_2016_FAALIYET_RAPORU-v2.pdf
• Turkish Airlines. (2019). Faaliyet Raporu. https://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/yillik-raporlar/thy_frat_2019tr.pdf
• Turkish Airlines. (2022). Yepyeni bir proje: Paris’e sürdürülebilir havacılık yakıtıyla uçuyoruz! https://blog.turkishairlines.com/tr/yepyeni-bir-proje-parise-surdurulebilir-havacilik-yakitiyla-ucuyoruz/
• UNEP. (2020). Emissions Gap Report 2020. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020
• UNEP. (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021. Birleşmiş Milletler. https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021
• Wang, J., Gu, F., Liu, Y., Fan, Y., & Guo, J. (2019). Bidirectional interactions between trading behaviors and carbon prices in European Union emission trading scheme. Journal of Cleaner Production, 224, 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.264
• Washington, T., & Watson, F. (2021). Feature: EU review of ETS an opportunity for aviation decarbonization. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/040921-feature-eu-review-of-ets-an-opportunity-for-aviation-decarbonization#article0
• Why, E. S. K., Ong, H. C., Lee, H. V., Gan, Y. Y., Chen, W.-H., & Chong, C. T. (2019). Renewable aviation fuel by advanced hydroprocessing of biomass: Challenges and perspective. Energy Conversion and Management, 199, 112015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112015
• Yilmaz, N., & Atmanli, A. (2017). Sustainable alternative fuels in aviation. Energy, 140, 1378–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.077