Koronavirüs (COVID 19) ve İnfluenza’nın Proflaktik Tedavisinde CRISPR-Cas13 Sistemlerinin Rolü ve Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 69 - 78, 30.12.2021

Mikail Yeniçeri

Öz

İnfluenza, insanlarda influenza A ve influenza B virüslerinin neden olduğu bulaşıcı bir solunum yolu hastalığıdır.
Genellikle yıllık mevsimsel salgınlarla karakterize edilen sporadik salgınları, zoonotik kökenli influenza A virüs suşlarını içerir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), yıllık grip salgınının yaklaşık 1 milyar enfeksiyon, 3-5 milyon ağır hastalık vakası ve 300.000-500.000 ölümle sonuçlanmaktadır. İlk olarak Wuhan (Çin) eyaletinde bildirilen, daha önce tanımlanmamış yeni bir Koronavirüs, orta derecede solunum yolu sendromu (MERS) ve Şiddetli Akut Solunum Yolu Sendromu'na (SARS) neden olanların yanı sıra hafif enfektif virüsleri içeren bir virüs ailesidir. Hastalık Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezi göre, virüsün resmi adı artık SARS-CoV-2 ve Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19)’dur. Kümelenmiş Düzenli Olarak Aralıklı Kısa Palindromik Tekrarlar (CRISPR)-CRISPR ile ilişkili (Cas) sistemleri modern moleküler biyolojide devrim yaratmıştır. Bugüne kadar bu sistemlerin çok sayıda türü keşfedilmiştir. Şimdiye kadarki tüm CRISPR yaklaşımları DNA'yı hedeflemiştir. Ancak araştırma gruplarınca yapılan çalışmalarda, DNA yerine RNA'yı hedefleyen ve yeni karakterize edilmiş CRISPR ile ilişkili bir enzim kullanarak, haberci RNA'yı (mRNA) hedefleyebilen yeni bir düzenleme aracı geliştirmişlerdir. Bu yaklaşım ile genomu değiştirmeden bir hücrenin gen ekspresyonunda değişiklikler yapmak, genom düzenlemesinin hedef dışı etkileriyle ilişkili riskleri azaltmak için kullanılabilecektir. CRISPR-Cas13 sistemi, bakterileri virüslerden koruyan bakteriyel bağışıklık sistemine dayanan bir RNA hedefleme ve düzenleme sistemidir. CRISPR-Cas13 sistemi, CRISPR-Cas9 sistemine benzemektedir. Bununla birlikte, DNA'yı hedefleyen Cas-9'un aksine, Cas-13 tek sarmallı RNA'yı hedefler ve ayırır. Cas13, Cas13a ve Cas13b üyeleri, RNA seviyesinde terapötik gen düzeltmesi ve viral patojenlerin (yeni koronavirüs (SARS-CoV-2) gibi bu retrovirüslerin RNA bazlı genomlarında) kullanılabileceği yönünde geliştirilmektedir. Bu derlemede CRISPR-Cas13 sisteminin proflaktik tedavide kullanılmasının önemi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnfluenza, Covid 19, CRISPR-Cas13 sistemi

Kaynakça

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